The Living World

According to universal rules of nomenclature, the first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter with the second components denotes the specific epithet and starts with small letter.

Genus comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.

The following is the arrangement of taxonomic categories in ascending order. Species (g), Genus (a), Family (e), Order (c), Class (b), Phylum (d), Kingdom (f).

Mangifera represents Genus, Anacardiaceae represents family, Sapindales represents order, Dicotyledonae represents class, Phylum Angiospermae [correct should be division]

None of the options are matching with the language of the question

The correct ascending order of taxonomic categories in case of animals is

species $\to $ genus $\to$ family $\to$ order $\to$ class $\to$ phylum $\to$ kingdom

$\bullet$ Option (a) is correct because housefly belongs to the family Muscidae, class Insecta and phylum Arthropoda.

$\bullet$ Fire flies are placed in family Lampyridae of class Insecta.

$\bullet$ Grasshopper is also an insect placed in family Acrididae.

$\bullet$ Cockroach is also an insect placed in family Blattidae.

Herbarium : It is defined as "store house of collected plant speccimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets". Label on herbarium sheets convey following information, such as date and place of collection, botanical, local and english names, family and collector’s name.

Key : A key is an artificial analytical device, consisting of set of alternate characters of various plants and animals and is used for identificion purposes.

Museum : museum is aplaxe used for storing, preservation and exhibition of both plants and animals. All educational institutes and universities maintain museums in their Botany and Zoology departments.

Catalogue: It is a list or register that indicates the alphabetical arrangement of species of a particular place, often with brief description aiding identification.

Photoperiod affects flowering and reproduction in plants. Binomial nomenclature system was given by Carolus Linnaeus.

A herbarium is a collection of plants, which have been dried, pressed, mounted on herbarium sheets, identified and classified according to some approved system of classification. The storage of herbarium sheets forms a repository for future use. A printed label (7 x 12 cm) giving the following information is fixed on the lower, right corner of herbarium sheet:

(i) Scientific name of plant (ii) Common/vernacular name (iii) Family (iv) Locality (v) Date of collection (vi) Collection number (vii) Name of collector (viii) Plant characteristics (optional) (ix) Name of institution (optional).

Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) both belong to family Solanaceae, which is commonly called as the “potato family”. Many plants belonging to this family are sources of vegetables, fruits etc.

Museum – Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutes such as schools and colleges. Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions. Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens. Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collections, killing and pinning. Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. Museums often have collections of skeletons of animals too.

Plasmodium falciparum – A protozoan pathogen causes the most serious type of malaria that is falciparum malaria.
Musca domestica – House fly, an insect belongs to phylum arthropoda.
Felis tigris - The Bengal tiger, is well protected in Sundarbans (tiger reserve)
E.coli - Escherichia coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine

All living things have an ability to respond to their environment, that is also called stimulation.

Binomial nomenclature system of naming organisms using a two-part Latinized (or scientific) name that was devised by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus (Carl Linne); it is also known as the Linnaean system. The first part is the generic name, the second is the specific name. Zoological name of tiger is Panthera tigris. So, tigris is species name of Tiger.

The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is a set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names given to plant.
The foundations of ICBN are given in book written by C. Linnaeus named Philosophia Botanica. It is independent of zoological nomenclature.
The rank of species is basic and relative order of the ranks of taxa are as : species, genus, tribe, family, order, series, class, division and kingdom.
The different ranks or categories have following specific endings of their names as division – phyla, class-ae, family-aceae.

All living organisms interact with their environment and shows progressive evolution. They can sense and respond to environmental uses. On the other hand reproduction, growth and movement cannot be all inclusive defining properties of living organisms.

Ex situ conservation means “offsite conservation”.

It is the process of protecting endangered species of plants and animals by removing it from an unsafe or threatened habitat and placing it or part of it under the care of humans.

Botanical garden serve as ex situ conservation of germplasm of different plants, to maintain rare and endemic plant species and also to provide recreation and knowledge about plants to a common man.

Biosystematics is the study of diversity of organism and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships.

Species is a natural population or group of natural populations of individuals which are genetically distinct and reproductively isolated with similar essential morphological traits.

Species is also a genetically closed system because its members do not interbreed with members of other species. Species is lowest or basic taxonomic category, e.g., mango (Mangifera indica), potato (Solanum tuberosum), lion (Panthera leo).

Here indica, tuberosum, leo are species of genera Mangifera, Solanum and Panthera respectively. All other taxonomic categories are defined and described in relation to species.

For example, a genus is a group of species and a subspecies or a variety is a part of species. New species originate from already existing species. Species is considered basic unit of taxonomy since in the greater majority of cases we do not have intraspecific names.

A taxonomic hierarchy is the sequence of arrangement of taxonomic categories in a descending order during the classification of an organism.

There are seven obligate categories - kingdom, division , class, order, family, genus and species. Species is the lowest category while kingdom is the highest category. The number of common characters is maximum in case of organisms placed in the lowest category.

Number of common characters decreases with the rise in category. Species are the smallest group of individuals which can be recognized by ordinary methods as groups and which are consistently and persistently different from other groups because their characters are less general.