Reproductive Health

Statements B, D and F are correct while statements A, C and E are incorrect.

Husband/wife is not necessary for being donors. IVF is available in India.

The correct answer is option (D) because

$\bullet$ Multiload 375 is a copper releasing IUD which suppresses sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms.

$\bullet$ Lippes loop is a non-medicated intra uterine device.

$\bullet$ Vaults are barrier type of contraceptives which prevent physical meeting of ovum and sperms.

$\bullet$ LNG-20 is a hormone releasing IUD that makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

Hence the correct matches are

$\begin{array}{lll} \text { A. Copper releasing IUD } & - & \text { Multiload } 375 \\\\ \text { B. Non-medicated IUD } & - & \text { Lippes loop } \\\\ \text { C. Contraceptive barrier } & - & \text { Vaults } \\\\ \text { D. Hormone releasing IUD } & - & \text { LNG-20 } \end{array}$

The correct answer is Option B: B and D only. Here's why:

Let's break down each STD and its curability:

A. Genital Warts: Caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), genital warts are not always completely curable. While treatments like topical medications or surgical removal can eliminate visible warts, the virus itself may remain dormant in the body and reactivate later.

B. Genital Herpes: This viral infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is not curable. Antiviral medications can suppress outbreaks and reduce transmission, but the virus remains latent in the body, capable of recurring.

C. Syphilis: A bacterial infection, syphilis is completely curable with appropriate antibiotic treatment, especially in its early stages. However, untreated syphilis can cause serious long-term health complications.

D. Hepatitis-B: This viral infection is not curable, although a vaccine can prevent infection. Hepatitis-B can become chronic, potentially leading to liver damage and cirrhosis.

E. Trichomoniasis: A parasitic infection, trichomoniasis is completely curable with antibiotics.

Therefore, the only STDs from the list that are not completely curable are genital herpes (B) and hepatitis-B (D).

The answer to which of the listed methods is not a natural/traditional contraceptive method is indeed Option D: Vaults.

Explanation:

Option A: Coitus Interruptus - This method, also known as withdrawal, is when the male withdraws his penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation to avoid depositing sperm in the female reproductive tract. It is considered a traditional form of contraception but carries a higher risk of failure compared to other methods due to the possible presence of sperm in pre-ejaculate or improper timing of withdrawal.

Option B: Periodic Abstinence - Also known as the rhythm method or the calendar method, this involves abstaining from sexual intercourse on the days of a woman’s menstrual cycle when she is most likely to conceive. While it requires awareness of the fertility cycle and careful tracking, it remains a traditional and natural method.

Option C: Lactational Amenorrhea - This method is based on the natural postnatal infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic (not menstruating) and fully breastfeeding her baby. This method can be effective for up to six months postpartum, provided that the conditions of exclusive breastfeeding are strictly met.

Option D: Vaults - This option is likely a misstatement or confusion with "vaginal vaults" or refers to barrier methods like diaphragms or cervical caps, which are not considered natural or traditional methods. These require the insertion of a device into the vagina to block sperm from entering the uterus and thus necessitate manufacturing and healthcare consultation, distinguishing them from natural or traditional methods.

Therefore, Option D, Vaults, is not a natural or traditional method of contraception, unlike the other options listed.

Explanation:

Assertion A states that breast-feeding during the initial period of infant growth is recommended by doctors to bring up a healthy baby. This statement is indeed correct. Breast-feeding is universally recommended by health professionals because mother's milk contains the perfect balance of nutrients essential for the newborn's growth and development. Additionally, breastfeeding promotes better health outcomes for the mother and infant, strengthening the immune system of the baby.

Reason R explains that colostrum, the first form of milk produced immediately following the delivery of the newborn, contains several antibodies absolutely essential to develop resistance for the newborn baby. This statement is also correct. Colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins, particularly IgA, which provide passive immunity to the baby by forming a protective layer in the baby's intestine, thereby preventing infection.

Since both Assertion A and Reason R are correct, and Reason R directly explains why breastfeeding is beneficial — particularly highlighting the role of colostrum in providing immunity which is crucial for the newborn's health, the correct option herein is:

Option A: Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Let's analyze each item in List-I and find the appropriate match from List-II:

• Non-medicated IUD - This type of intrauterine device (IUD) does not contain any hormones or active pharmaceutical ingredients. It solely relies on the presence of a foreign body within the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A representative example of a non-medicated IUD is Lippes loop, which is an inert, flexible plastic loop. Therefore, A corresponds to III.
• Copper releasing IUD - These IUDs release a small amount of copper into the uterus, which enhances contraceptive efficacy. Multiload 375 is a typical example of a copper-releasing IUD as it includes a copper component. Thus, B corresponds to I.
• Hormone releasing IUD - These IUDs release a hormone to prevent pregnancy. One well-known hormone releasing IUD is LNG-20, also known as Mirena, which releases levonorgestrel, a type of progestogen, directly into the uterus. Consequently, C corresponds to IV.
• Implants - These are typically small rods containing progestin that are implanted under the skin. Since the description coincides with the progestogens' action (such as Norplant), D corresponds to II.

Based on the analysis:

1. A corresponds to III (Lippes loop).
2. B corresponds to I (Multiload 375).
3. C corresponds to IV (LNG-20).
4. D corresponds to II (Progestogens).

Therefore, the correct matches for the options are:

Option D: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

The correct answer is :

Option C : A-(III), B-(I), C-(IV), D-(II)

Here's why :

(A) Non-medicated IUDs : These are intrauterine devices that do not release any copper or hormones. An example of this is the Lippes loop (III).

(B) Copper releasing IUDs : These IUDs gradually release copper, which has a spermicidal effect. Multiload 375 (I) is an example of this type of IUD.

(C) Hormone releasing IUDs : These IUDs release hormones to prevent pregnancy. LNG-20, also known as Mirena, (IV) is an example of this type of IUD.

(D) Vaults : This is another name for cervical caps, a type of barrier contraceptive method made of rubber (II).

The correct answer is :

Option B : Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true

Here's why :

Statement I is incorrect. Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of in-vitro (not in-vivo) fertilisation where a single sperm is injected directly into the egg to facilitate fertilisation. The fertilised egg (zygote) is then transferred to the woman's uterus.

Statement II is correct. Infertility cases due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the female can indeed be addressed through Artificial Insemination (AI). In AI, sperm (either from the woman's partner or a donor) is artificially inserted directly into the woman's cervix or uterus. This procedure can be used in cases where the male partner has low sperm count or poor sperm mobility, or if there are issues with sperm delivery.

The correct answer is Option C : (A), (B) and (D) only.

(A) Reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction.

This statement is correct. Reproductive health does indeed refer to a total state of physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system at all stages of life.

(B) Amniocentesis is legally banned for sex determination in India.

This statement is also correct. The use of amniocentesis for sex determination is indeed illegal in India, due to the misuse of the technique leading to female feticide. However, it is permitted for the detection of genetic abnormalities.

(C) "Saheli" – a new oral contraceptive for females was developed in collaboration with ICMR (New Delhi).

This statement is incorrect. Saheli was developed by the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India, not ICMR.

(D) Amniocentesis is used to determine genetic disorders and survivability of fetus.

This statement is correct. Amniocentesis is a prenatal test that allows doctors to diagnose a wide range of genetic disorders by testing a small sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.

The correct answer is Option C : A is false but R is true.

Assertion A is false because amniocentesis for sex determination is not a part of the Reproductive and Child Health Care Programme. In fact, the use of amniocentesis for the purpose of sex determination is illegal in many countries, including India, due to its association with sex-selective abortions and the societal preference for male children.

Reason R is true because a ban on amniocentesis for sex determination is indeed implemented in an attempt to reduce the incidence of female foeticide. The misuse of this medical procedure for sex-selective abortions has led to a gender imbalance in some societies, thus the need for regulatory measures.

A) Vasectomy : A surgical method of male sterilization that involves cutting or sealing the vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the semen.

B) Coitus interruptus : A natural method of contraception that involves withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the vagina.

C) Cervical caps : A barrier method of contraception that covers the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

D) Saheli : An oral method of contraception that involves taking a non-steroidal, non-hormonal birth control pill.

So, the correct matching is: A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

Option (2) is the correct answer as progestogens are the synthetic forms of progesterone.

Option (1) is not the answer as progestasert is an hormone releasing IUD.

Option (3) is not the answer as Multiload-375 is a copper releasing IUD.

Option (4) is not the answer as Lippes loop is an inert IUD.

Option (d) is the correct answer as only statements (b) and (d) are correct because the Cu ions which are released suppress the sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.

Option (a) is incorrect as statement (b) is also a correct statement.

Option (b) is incorrect as IUDs increase the phagocytosis of sperms and IUD's insertion does not require surgical intervention.

Option (c) is incorrect as hormonal IUDs suppress endometrial changes and changes in cervical mucus, thereby making the cervix hostile to the sperms.

Option (c) is the correct answer because the intrauterine device (IUD) presently available as the non-medicated IUDs, is Lippe's loop.

Option (d) is incorrect as copper releasing IUDs are CuT, Cu7 and multiload 375.

Option (a) and (b) are incorrect as diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are included in barrier method of contraception.

Option (b) is the correct answer because

$\bullet$ Diaphragms are barrier methods of contraception. They cover the cervix and block the entry of sperms.

$\bullet$ Contraceptive pills are preparations containing either progestogens alone or combination of progestogen and oestrogen. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperms.

$\bullet$ Intra uterine devices increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

$\bullet$ Lactational amenorrhoea is a natural method of contraception and it is based on the fact that the ovulation and therefore menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.