Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The process of removal of anther from flower bud before it dehisces is called as emasculation.

Bagging In it emasculated flower is covered with a bag of suitable size to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen.

Embryo rescue is an in vitro tissue culture technique which is used to promote the development of a immature or weak embryo into a viable plant.

Budding is a mode of asexual reproduction where new organism develop from an outgrowth or bud due to the cell division at one particular site.

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Parthenocarpy involves formation seedless fruit, because the fruits obtained from parthenocarpy does not involve pollination and fertilisation, so fruits develop without seed formation.

Apomixis This mechanism mimics the sexual reproduction and produces seeds without union of male and female gametes. The diploid egg cell is formed without meiotic division and develops into embryo without fertilisation, e.g. members of Asteraceae and grasses.

In apomixis, the sexual reproduction is completely replaced by a sexual reproduction. It offers the possibility of indefinite multiplication of favourable biotypes without any variation due to segregation or recombination.