Digestion and Absorption Out of Syllabus

The correct answer is Option D : Smack.

Diacetylmorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is more commonly known by its street name "heroin," but it is also sometimes referred to as "smack."

Amphetamine, barbiturates, and crack are different types of drugs. Amphetamines are a type of stimulant, barbiturates are depressants, and crack is a form of cocaine that can be smoked.

The correct answer is :

Option C : (C), (B), (A), (E), (D)

Explanation :

The steps in the digestion and absorption of fatty acids and glycerol in the intestine are as follows :

(C) Fatty acids and glycerol are incorporated into small droplets called micelles. These micelles are formed in the lumen of the small intestine.

(B) Micelles move into intestinal mucosa. They break down, releasing the fatty acids and glycerol, which then diffuse into the cells of the intestinal mucosa.

(A) Within these cells, the fatty acids and glycerol are reassembled into triglycerides. These triglycerides are then packaged with proteins and other substances into tiny, protein-coated fat globules called chylomicrons.

(E) The chylomicrons are extruded from the cells into the lymphatic system - specifically into tiny lymph vessels in the intestinal wall called lacteals.

(D) These lacteals ultimately transport the chylomicrons, and therefore the digested fat, into the bloodstream. The absorbed substances are then circulated to cells throughout the body.

Option (B) is the correct answer because gastric glands have three major types of cells namely-

(i) Mucus neck cells which secrete mucus

(ii) Peptic or chief cells which secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen

(iii) Parietal or oxyntic cells which secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B₁₂.

Option (A) is the correct answer because the undigested food (faeces) enters into caecum of the large intestine through ileo-caecal valve, which prevents the backflow of the faecal matter.

Option (B) is not the answer because a muscular sphincter i.e., the gastro-oesophageal sphincter regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.

Option (C) is not the answer because pyloric sphincter regulates the opening in between stomach and duodenum.

Option (D) is not the answer because the opening of common hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by sphincter of Oddi.

The correct answer is option (D) as

$\bullet$ Cholecystokinin (CCK) acts on both gall bladder and pancreas and stimulates the secretion of bile juice and pancreatic enzymes respectively.

$\bullet$ GIP inhibits gastric secretion and motility.

$\bullet$ Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is released from the atrial wall of our heart.

$\bullet$ Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) acts mainly on the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules.

Option (c) is the correct answer because enamel is the hardest substance of the body which covers the exposed part of tooth called crown and helps in mastication of food.

Option (a) is incorrect because basic shape of teeth is provided by dentine which is present in crown, root and neck.

Option (b) is incorrect because neck of tooth connects crown with root.

Option (d) is incorrect because bolus is masticated food mixed with saliva which is ready for swallowing.

Option (a) is the correct answer because both the statements I and II are correct as fatty acids and glycerol being insoluble in water, cannot be absorbed into the blood. They are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles which move into the intestinal mucosa. They are re-formed into very small protein coated fat globules called chylomicrons which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi. The lymph vessels ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.

Option (d) is the correct answer because digestion of polysaccharides like starch occurs in mouth and digestion of disaccharides occurs in small intestine.

Option (c) is incorrect because saliva contains mucus which helps in the lubrication of oral cavity.

Option (a) is incorrect because saliva contains an antibacterial agent-lysozyme so that it controls bacterial population in mouth.

Option (b) is incorrect because digestion of complex carbohydrates are performed by secretions from salivary glands.

Option (b) is the correct answer because cartilage forming the intervertebral disc is present between the adjacent bones of the vertebral column and it is a type of cartilaginous joint.

Option (c) is incorrect because areolar tissue present beneath the skin is a type of loose connective tissue.

Option (d) is incorrect because smooth muscles are present in the visceral organs.

Option (a) is incorrect because intercalated discs are characteristic feature of cardiac muscles present in heart.

The correct answer is:

Option A: Columnar epithelial cells

Explanation:

1. Goblet cells are specialized for secretion of mucus.

2. They are found in the lining of the alimentary canal (for example, in the intestine).

3. Goblet cells are modified from columnar epithelial cells, which are tall and pillar-like in shape.

4. The other options are not correct:

• Compound epithelial cells form layers (like skin) and are not modified into goblet cells.

• Squamous epithelial cells are flat and thin, not columnar.

• Chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage, not in the epithelial tissue.

So, the goblet cells are modified columnar epithelial cells.

Assertion is true and reason is false.

Cholecystokinin is a gastric hormone which is released in duodenum.

Cholecystokinin acts on pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice.

The hormone gastrin is indeed released from the gastrointestinal tract and plays a significant role in digestion. Gastrin primarily stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells in the stomach, which lowers the pH and aids in digesting food. However, gastrin does not promote the secretion of trypsinogen.

Given this information, the appropriate option is :

Option C

If the assertion is true, but the reason is false.

In the given figure ‘A’ represents caecum, ‘B’ is vermiform appendix, ‘C’ is ascending colon, ‘D’ is transverse colon, ‘E’ is descending colon and ‘F’ is sigmoid colon.