Chemistry in Everyday Life

The chemical $X$ is aspirin, which is used to prevent heart attack. Its structure is

• Assertion (A): Aspirin is useful in the prevention of heart attacks.

  This assertion is correct. Low-dose aspirin is widely used to prevent heart attacks and strokes, especially in individuals at risk orThose who have already experienced such events.

• Reason (R): Aspirin acts as an anti-blood clotting agent.

  This reason is also correct. Aspirin works by inhibiting the aggregation (clumping) of platelets, which are components in the blood responsible for forming clots. By doing so, it reduces the risk of harmful blood clots forming in arteries, which can lead to heart attacks or strokes.

• Relationship between A and R:

  Heart attacks are often caused by blood clots blocking the flow of blood to the heart muscle. Since aspirin acts as an anti-blood clotting agent (by preventing platelet aggregation), it directly helps to prevent these clots from forming. Therefore, Reason (R) provides the correct explanation for why Aspirin is useful in the prevention of heart attacks (Assertion A).

Thus, both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation for A.

The final answer is $\boxed{\text{Option A}}$

Synthetic drugs like dimetapp (brompheniramine) and seldane (terfenadine) act as antihistamines. They interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exerts its effect.

• A. Bithionol: Bithionol is an antiseptic. It is commonly added to soaps to reduce its antiseptic properties.

  • Therefore, A matches with III (Antiseptic).

• B. Saccharin: Saccharin is one of the oldest and most widely used artificial sweeteners.

  • Therefore, B matches with I (Artificial sweetener).

• C. Sodium benzoate: Sodium benzoate is a common food preservative, particularly in acidic foods.

  • Therefore, C matches with IV (Food preservative).

• D. Norethindrone: Norethindrone is a synthetic progestin that is used as a contraceptive (birth control pill). It is an antifertility drug.

  • Therefore, D matches with II (Antifertility drug).

Combining these matches, we get:

A - III

B - I

C - IV

D - II

This combination matches Option A.

The final answer is $\boxed{A}$

The incorrect statement about chloramphenicol is given in option (c). It's correct form is, It is primarily a bacteriostatic antibiotic.

$ \text { The structure of DDT is, } $

The correct answer is:

✅ Option D: Aspartame

Explanation:

Aspartame is a dipeptide methyl ester composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Its chemical name is L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester.

Because it contains phenylalanine, individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) must avoid it.

Other options for comparison:

• Saccharin – a sulfonamide compound, not derived from amino acids.

• Sucralose – a chlorinated derivative of sucrose (sugar), not protein-based.

• Alitame – a dipeptide sweetener related to aspartame but has a different amine component (aspartic acid + a different amine, not phenylalanine).

Answer: D) Aspartame

Statement I: Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying.

✅ True.

Glycerol (or glycerin) is added to shaving soaps to keep the soap moist and prevent it from drying too quickly during use. It also improves smoothness and provides lubrication for shaving.

Statement II: Laundry soaps contain sodium carbonate as filler.

✅ True.

Laundry soaps often include sodium carbonate (washing soda) as a builder or filler. It helps in removing hardness of water, improves detergent efficiency, and aids in cleaning.

✅ Correct Answer: Option A

Both statement-I and statement-II are correct.

$X$ is the type of synthetic detergent used in toothpaste, and $Y$ is “animal starch”.

Step 1: Identify $X$ (detergent in toothpaste)

Toothpaste commonly contains sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as the cleansing/foaming agent.

SLS is a sodium salt of a long-chain alkyl sulfate, so it produces negatively charged ions in water.

Hence, $X$ is an anionic detergent.

Step 2: Identify $Y$ (animal starch)

In NCERT, the carbohydrate stored in animals (especially in liver and muscles) is glycogen, which is often called animal starch.

So, $Y = \text{glycogen}$.

Therefore, $X$ and $Y$ are anionic and glycogen respectively.

Correct option: C

• A. Chloramphenicol: This is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.

• B. Oflaxacin (or Ofloxacin): This is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, used to treat various bacterial infections.

• C. Penicillin: This is a well-known beta-lactam antibiotic, one of the first discovered, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

• D. Novestrol: This name does not correspond to a known antibiotic. "Novestrol" sounds similar to Estradiol (an estrogen hormone) or a related hormonal compound, or it could be a made-up name. In any case, it is not an antibiotic.

Therefore, Novestrol is not an antibiotic.

The final answer is $\boxed{\text{Novestrol}}$

Let's analyze the properties of each artificial sweetener mentioned in the options:

1. Sucralose:

• Derived from sucrose by replacing three hydroxyl groups with chlorine atoms.

• Sucrose is a disaccharide containing a glycosidic linkage between glucose and fructose units.

• Since sucralose retains this core structure, it also contains a glycosidic linkage.

• Therefore, Sucralose fits the description for X.

2. Alitame:

• It is a dipeptide amide, specifically L-alanine + D-aspartic acid + an amine.

• It contains amide linkages due to the peptide bonds.

• However, it does not contain an ester linkage.

• Therefore, Alitame does not fit the description for Y (which requires both amide and ester linkages).

3. Aspartame:

• It is a methyl ester of a dipeptide (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine).

• It contains an amide linkage (peptide bond) between aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

• It also contains an ester linkage (the methyl ester of the phenylalanine carboxyl group).

• Therefore, Aspartame fits the description for Y as it contains both amide and ester linkages.

4. Saccharin:

• It is a sulfimide derivative (1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide).

• It does not contain glycosidic, amide, or ester linkages.

• Therefore, Saccharin does not fit the description for X or Y.

• Option A: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

  → This is a cationic detergent (a quaternary ammonium compound). Thus, it is a synthetic detergent.

• Option B: Sodium stearate

  → This is the sodium salt of a fatty acid (stearic acid) — it is a soap, not a synthetic detergent.

• Option C: Sodium laurylsulphate

  → This is an anionic synthetic detergent (commonly called SDS or SLS).

• Option D: Sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate

  → This is also an anionic synthetic detergent, one of the most commonly used (found in many household detergents).

✅ Answer: Option B — Sodium stearate is not an example of a synthetic detergent.

(A) Equanil → It is meprobamate, used as a tranquilizer, helps to control hypertension and anxiety.

→ So (A) → (IV) To control hypertension

(B) Furacine → It is nitrofurazone, used as an antiseptic for treating wounds.

→ So (B) → (III) Antiseptic

(C) Tegamet → It is cimetidine, which reduces acid secretion in the stomach; an antacid.

→ So (C) → (II) Antacid

(D) Veronal → It is barbital, used as a hypnotic (sleep-inducing drug).

→ So (D) → (I) Hypnotic

✅ Correct matching:

(A) – IV

(B) – III

(C) – II

(D) – I

Hence, the correct option is:

Option D: (A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I)

Among the given options, $A, B, C$ are synthetic detergent $\left(C{ }{ }_{15} \mathrm{H}_{31} \mathrm{COO}\right)_3 \mathrm{C}_3 \mathrm{H}_5$ represent a type of soap, specially a triglyceride derived from stearic acid.

$ \text { The structure of bithionol. } $

$2=\mathrm{OH}$ group

$4=\mathrm{Cl}$ group

Equanil is used to control depression and hypertension.

The chemical substance that neutralised excess acid released by body is called antacid.

Phenelzine is not an example of antacid.

$ \text { Phenelzine is used to treat depression. } $

The matching for each compound with its respective use is based on their known applications:

• Iodoform is a compound known for its application as an antiseptic. It has been used historically in medical applications for the treatment of wounds due to its antimicrobial properties. Hence, Iodoform matches with III. Antiseptic.
• Carbon Tetrachloride was widely used as a fire extinguishing agent due to its property of being a non-flammable liquid that can suffocate fires. However, its use has been significantly reduced in most countries because of its adverse health and environmental impacts. Carbon Tetrachloride matches with I. Fire extinguisher.
• CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) have been used as refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Their capacity to absorb heat makes them suitable for this purpose. Unfortunately, their harmful effects on the ozone layer have led to their phase-out under global agreements like the Montreal Protocol. Therefore, CFC matches with IV. Refrigerants.
• DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is known for its use as an insecticide. It was widely used to control mosquito populations and other agricultural pests. However, due to environmental and health concerns, its use has been banned or severely restricted in many countries. DDT matches with II. Insecticide.

Thus, the correct option is Option B: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.

Each of the compounds listed in List I has distinct uses. Let's match them correctly with the uses mentioned in List II:

• Carbon tetrachloride (A) was historically used as a cleaning agent, among other things, but due to its toxicity and role in ozone depletion, it is no longer widely used for this purpose; hence it does not match with any of the uses. However, it was previously used in fire extinguishers, so one might think of it in association with (III).


• Methylene chloride (B), also known as dichloromethane, is commonly used as a solvent and paint remover, so it matches with (I).


• DDT (C) is a well-known, though now largely banned, insecticide due to its persistence and bioaccumulation, making it not biodegradable. It matches with (IV).


• Freons (D) is a trade name for a group of halogenated compounds used primarily as refrigerants, so it matches with (II).

Considering these associations, we can match the compounds with their correct uses:

• (A) Carbon tetrachloride - (III) Fire extinguisher
• (B) Methylene chloride - (I) Paint remover
• (C) DDT - (IV) Non-biodegradable insecticide
• (D) Freons - (II) Refrigerators and air conditioners

So, the correct match according to the given options will be:

Option B:
(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

Aspartame structure is a dipeptide consisting aspartic acid and methyl ester of phenylalanine

Aspirin primarily possesses the following effects:

Anti-inflammatory: Aspirin is known to reduce inflammation, helping alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory conditions by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase and thus reducing prostaglandin production. This makes it effective in treating pain associated with inflammation.

Anti-pyretic: It reduces fever by acting on the hypothalamus in the brain, which results in vasodilation and increases heat dissipation from the body, lowering body temperature.

Anti-coagulant: Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and is used as an anti-coagulant, helping prevent blood clots by blocking the production of thromboxane, a molecule that facilitates platelet clumping.

Therefore, the correct effects of aspirin are options $A$, $C$, and $D$.

Correct Option: B

$A, C, D$

The correct match is A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV.

Ranitidine drug is a type of antacid. Seldane drug used for runny nose is a type of antihistamine .

Serotonin used for sedating is a type of tranquilizer. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic drugs.

The incorrect statement about chloramphenicol is :

Option C : it is a bactericidal drug.

Chloramphenicol is not typically classified as a bactericidal drug; rather, it is known to be a bacteriostatic antibiotic, which means it inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria rather than killing them directly.

Here’s a brief explanation of the properties of chloramphenicol :

Bacteriostatic Drug : Chloramphenicol works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, thus preventing bacterial growth.

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic : It is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species.

Used to Treat Typhoid : Chloramphenicol is utilized in treating serious infections like typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi.

The bactericidal property does not fit chloramphenicol as it is primarily known to arrest bacterial progression rather than causing bacterial cell death.

The incorrect statement is Option B.

• Branched-chain detergents are not easily biodegradable; it’s the linear-chain detergents (like LAS) that break down readily in the environment.

Blood is a colloidal solution of an albuminoid substance. The styptic action of alum and ferric chloride $\left(\mathrm{FeCl}_3\right)$ solution is due to coagulation of blood forming a clot which further stop bleeding.

Set given in option (a) is not cofrectly matched, while all other are matched correctly.

It's correct form is,

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. It is used in diet coke, chewing gum etc.

The enamel on teeth becomes significantly harder due to the transformation of the compound $[3 \mathrm{Ca}_3(\mathrm{PO}_4)_2 \cdot \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2]$ into $[3 \mathrm{Ca}_3(\mathrm{PO}_4)_2 \cdot \mathrm{CaF}_2]$.

Thus, the components $X$ and $Y$ in this transformation are $\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2$ and $\mathrm{CaF}_2$ respectively.

Sodium salt of benzoic acid is used as preservative in food industry.

$ \bullet\,\, $Salt of propanoic acid is used as preservative of food.

$ \bullet \,\,$Veronal is basically a barbiturate drug which is used as sedative.

$ \bullet \,\,$Dettol is an antiseptic not antibiotic. Hence, only option (b) is correctly matched.

Let's analyze the matches step by step.

Veronal is a barbiturate, and these are generally used as hypnotics. So, Veronal (A) matches with Hypnotic (ii).

Morphine is a well-known opioid used primarily as an Analgesic. So, Morphine (B) matches with Analgesic (iii).

Seldane, which is the brand name for terfenadine, is used as an Antihistamine. So, Seldane (C) matches with Antihistamine (i).

Thus, the correct matches are:

A – ii

B – iii

C – i

This corresponds to Option C.

Aspartame is sweetener used in soft drinks only as it is unstable at cooking temperature.

The pair that is not correctly matched is:

• Option B: Luminal - antidepressant

Here's why:

Salvarsan was developed to treat syphilis, making Option A a correct match.

Luminal is actually a brand name for phenobarbital, which is used as an anticonvulsant and sedative, not as an antidepressant.

Morphine is an opioid analgesic that is used to relieve severe pain, including cardiac pain in conditions such as myocardial infarction, so Option C is acceptable.

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) has antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, which makes Option D correctly matched.

Thus, the mismatch occurs with Option B.

The given structure of prontosil

$ \left[\mathrm{C}_{12} \mathrm{H}_{13} \mathrm{~N}_5 \mathrm{O}_2 \mathrm{~S}\right] $

Prontosil is a diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituent at $z^{\prime}$ and $4^{\prime}$ positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at $4^{\prime}$ position.

The correct information is as follows:

Penicillin: It is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.

Chloramphenicol: It is a broad-spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotic. This statement is correct.

Ampicillin: It is a broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic.

Ofloxacin: It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Each statement defines the spectrum and type (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) of these antibiotics.

The correct answer is Option B: alkaline hydrolysis reaction.

Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of an ester into its component fatty acids and alcohol. In the context of soapmaking, this reaction is used to convert animal fats or vegetable oils into soap and glycerin.

The reaction is catalyzed by a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The base reacts with the ester group in the fat or oil, breaking it down into its component fatty acids and alcohol. The fatty acids then react with the base to form soap molecules.

The soap molecules have a long, hydrophobic (water-hating) tail and a short, hydrophilic (water-loving) head. The hydrophobic tail dissolves in oil, while the hydrophilic head dissolves in water. This allows soap to act as an emulsifying agent, which means it can help to mix oil and water together.

Soap is also a surfactant, which means it lowers the surface tension of water. This makes it easier for water to wet surfaces and remove dirt and grime.

Saponification is a versatile reaction that has many applications beyond soapmaking. It is also used to make biodiesel fuel, detergents, and other products.

Antagonists are substances that interfere with or inhibit the physiological action of another. They bind to receptors but do not activate them, and instead block the receptors from being activated by other substances.

Statement A is true. Antagonists do bind to the receptor site, blocking it from being activated by other substances.

Statement B is not typically true. Antagonists work by binding to the receptor site on the cell surface, not by being transferred inside the cell.

Statement C is true. By blocking the receptor site, antagonists can inhibit the natural communication of the body.

Statement D is not true. Antagonists do not mimic the natural messenger. They block its action instead. This is in contrast to agonists, which do mimic the action of the natural messenger.

Therefore, Option C "A and C" is the correct answer.

To find out which group of chemicals is used as a pesticide, let's examine each option :

Option A :

• Dieldrin : a pesticide
• Sodium Arsinite : a pesticide and herbicide
• Tetrachloroethene (also known as perchloroethylene) : used mainly as a solvent and not as a pesticide.

Option B :

• Aldrin : a pesticide
• Sodium Chlorate : mainly used as a herbicide, not a pesticide.
• Sodium Arsinite : a pesticide and herbicide

Option C :

• DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) : a well-known pesticide
• Aldrin : a pesticide

Option D :

• Sodium Chlorate : mainly used as a herbicide, not a pesticide.
• DDT : a pesticide
• PAN (Peroxyacetyl Nitrate) : not used as a pesticide, it is a pollutant found in smog.

From the options given, it appears that Option C (DDT and Aldrin) contains chemicals exclusively used as pesticides. Both chemicals in this option are known pesticides, while the other options contain chemicals that are not used as pesticides or are used for other primary purposes. Hence, the correct answer would be :

Option C : DDT, Aldrin

Let's examine each statement individually:

Statement I: Morphine is indeed a narcotic analgesic, which means it helps in relieving pain. However, the second part of the statement is incorrect because morphine can produce sleep or drowsiness as it is a central nervous system depressant.

Statement II: This statement is true. Morphine and its derivatives are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).

Therefore, the correct answer is Option D: Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

We can match the vitamins with their deficiency diseases as follows:

• Vitamin A: Its deficiency causes Xerophthalmia, so A-III.


• Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Its deficiency leads to Beri-Beri, so B-I.


• Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): Its deficiency causes Scurvy, so C-IV.


• Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): Its deficiency leads to Cheilosis, so D-II.

So the correct answer is:

A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.

A. Tranquilizers - III. Antidepressant drugs

B. Aspirin - I. Anti blood clotting

C. Antibiotic - II. Salvarsan

D. Antiseptic - IV. Soframicine

Note :

Tranquilizers are a type of antidepressant drugs used to treat mental and emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression.

Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug and also acts as an anti-blood clotting agent, making it useful in reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections. Salvarsan, also known as arsphenamine, was one of the first antibiotics used to treat syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

Antiseptics are substances used to prevent the growth and spread of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Soframicine is an example of an antiseptics.

Antihistamines not affect the secretion of acid in stomach, the reason is that antiallergic and antacid drugs work on different receptors.

Equanil is for depression and hypertension.

Statement I: Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter.

This statement is correct. Noradrenaline is a type of neurotransmitter, which are chemicals that help transmit signals from one nerve cell to another. Noradrenaline is produced and released by nerve cells and acts on other nerve cells, as well as on various organs and tissues in the body, to regulate important functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

Statement II: Low level of noradrenaline is not the cause of depression in human.

This statement is incorrect. Although depression can be caused by a variety of factors, low levels of noradrenaline have been linked to depression in some cases. Studies have shown that individuals with depression often have reduced levels of noradrenaline in certain areas of the brain, leading researchers to believe that a deficiency in this neurotransmitter may contribute to depression. However, it is important to note that depression is a complex disorder with multiple causes, and low levels of noradrenaline may not be the sole cause of depression in all individuals.