Human Health and Diseases

Immunity tolerance is developed by interaction with the antigen. It is the state of unresponsiveness of immune system to a substance/tissue/pathogen that has the capacity induce immune response in a given organism. It can be induced by prior exposer to that specific antigen.

Passive immunity is developed by introducing antibodies in an organism.

The immunity present by birth is called innate immunity.

Antibiotics are drugs which are used against bacterial pathogens to cure diseases caused by them.

Assertion : Type-I diabetes is caused by destruction of $\beta$-cells of islets of Langerhans.

Reason : Insulin can be taken as pills.

The correct option is C.

Explanation :

Type-I diabetes is indeed caused by the destruction of $\beta$-cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the pancreas. These $\beta$-cells are responsible for producing insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When these cells are destroyed, the body cannot produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels, characteristic of Type-I diabetes.

However, the statement that insulin can be taken as pills is false. Insulin is a protein, and if taken orally, it would be broken down by the digestive enzymes in the stomach and intestines, rendering it ineffective. Therefore, insulin is typically administered through injections or insulin pumps to ensure it reaches the bloodstream directly.

Hence, the assertion is true, but the reason is false, making option C the correct answer.

Both assertion and reason are false. The deficiency of vitamin-‘C’ may lead to scurvy. The daily requirement of ascorbic acid for healthy man is about 65-90 mg/day.

Both the assertion and reason are correct and the reason is correct explanation of assertion. Cannabinoids are abused for their stimulating and hallucinating effects, which make the person more wakeful, active, excited and in excessive dosage cause hallucinations. Cannabinoids affects the cardio-vascular system by binding with cannabinoid receptors in brain and also affects the central nervous system by its stimulating effects.

Cancerous cells which break away from the original site and can spread to the other parts of the body through bloodstream and lymphatic system constitute malignant tumours. The spread of cancer to other sites or organs in the body is called metastasis. Other statements are incorrect as cancer cells do not exhibit the peroperty of contact inhibition, all tumours are not cancerous, e.g., benign tumour and also not all viruses are on cogenic.

Wuchereria bancrofti is a digenetic human parasite that completes its life cycle in two host. The man is the final host that harbours the adult worm in the glands and lymph vessels.

Cissus quadrangularis is an ancient medicinal plant of India. It has the specific bone healing properties and helps in faster increase in bone tensile strength. It acts as a glucocorticoid antagonist. Since, anabolic compounds are known to act as antagonist to glucocorticoid receptor as well as promote bone growth and fracture healing, it has been concluded that Cissus possesses healing properties.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID), is a rare genetic disease that affects the immune system of the person. This disease can be treated by either bone-marrow transplant or by enzyme replacement therapy but neither of the two are completely curative. Thus, gene therapy have been attempted to cure it permanently.

Chikungunya is caused by chikungunya virus. Colostrum is the first breastmilk of mother, which contains antibodies (especially Ig A). It provides immunity to infants against various pathogens. Beer is manufactured by the fermentation of barley malt by yeast. Tissue culture can be used to obtain virus-free healthy plants from diseased plants. It is because of the fact that meristematic cells are undifferentiated in nature.

Alcohol acts as a depressant of nervous system and acts as sedative and reduces the efficiency of body organs by reducing blood supply. Deficiency of nutrients such as minerals, proteins and vitamins are found in alcoholics. Thiamine $(\mathrm{B}_1)$ deficiency causes Wernicke's and Korsakoff's syndromes. Wernicke's syndrome is characterised by mental disturbance, paralysis of eye movements and ataxia of grait. Korsakoff's syndrome is characterised by confusion and severe impairment of memory.

Human get Taenia infection through direct or oral means. It occurs by eating raw or undercooked measly pork (pig muscle with cysticercus larvae of taenia). Infection in vegetarians occurs through improperly washed vegetables. So, proper cooking of pork and properly washed vegetables can help to avoid Taenia infection. The pork does not contain hexacanth larva as it gets converted into cysticurcus form in the voluntary muscles of the pig.