Carboxylic Acids and Its Derivatives

The complete reaction involved is

The correct structures of succinic acid $(x)$ and malonic acid $(y)$ respectively are

$ \text { The complete reaction sequence is as follows } $

$ \text { The complete reaction sequence is as follows } $

$ \text { The complete reaction sequence is as follows } $

$ \text { The complete reaction is as follows, } $

$ \begin{aligned} & X=\mathrm{KMnO}_4 / \mathrm{H}^{+}, Y=\mathrm{SOCl}_2 \\ & Z=\text { Acetophenone } \end{aligned} $

$ \text { The complete reaction is as follows, } $

Among the given options, most acidic carboxylic acid is HCOOH .

This is due to the sability of its conjugate base, the formate ion $\left[\mathrm{HCOO}^{-}\right)$.

The complete reaction sequence is as follows

Thus, the correct decreasing order of their acid strength is II $>$ I $>$ III.

The reaction provided in option (d) results in the formation of a primary alcohol.

The specific reaction is as follows:

$ \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH} \xrightarrow[\text{(ii) } \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}]{\text{(i) } \mathrm{LiAlH}_4 \text{ /ether }} \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH} $

This procedure leads to the production of ethanol (a primary alcohol), not acetaldehyde.

Compound $ Y $, which is the desired product, is acetaldehyde $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CHO}\right)$. Therefore, the reaction outlined in option (d) cannot be used to produce compound $ Y $.

Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

$ \text { The reaction involved is as follows. } $

The complete reaction is as follows,

The complete reaction is as follows,

When glucose is oxidised with nitric acid, saccharic acid is formed.

$ \text { The conversion of } X \text { to } Y \text { is called as carbylamine reaction. } $

When ether is reduced with DIBAL-H, aldehyde is formed

When ether is reacted with excess $\mathrm{H}_2$, then alcohol is formed.

Hence, $X=\mathrm{H}_2 /$ catalyst, $Y=$ DIBAL-H (ii) $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$.

Carboxylic acid can be tested by treating with sodium hydrogen carbonate. The brisk effervescences of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ will confirm the test. Further by passing it through lime water, the milky solution too confirms the test.

$\mathrm{Ar}-\mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{NaHCO}_3 \longrightarrow \mathrm{ArCOO}^{\ominus} \mathrm{Na}^{\oplus} +\mathrm{CO}_2 \uparrow+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$

Styrene reacts with HBr in presence of peroxide to add Br at less substituted carbon. This reaction follows anti-Markownikoff rule.

Product $(X)$ reacts with Mg in dry ether to form Grignard reagent which on treatment with $\mathrm{CO}_2$ followed by hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid.

$Y$ on treatment with $\mathrm{PCl}_5$ form acyl chloride. This acyl chloride on reduction with $\mathrm{H}_2$; $\mathrm{Pd}-\mathrm{BaSO}_4$ gives aldehyde and this reaction is known as "Rosenmund reaction."

Hence, Z is

Carboxylic acids are the most acidic compounds among the organic compounds. Due to presence of electron withdrawing group i.e. chlorine and fluorine, $\mathrm{FCH}_2 \mathrm{COOH}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CHClCOOH}$ are more acidic, than $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{COOH}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}$. Fluorine is more electron withdrawing group than chlorine.

Therefore, $\mathrm{\mathop {FC{H_2}COOH}\limits_{Fluoro\,ethanoic\,acid} > \mathop {C{H_3}C{H_2}CHClCOOH}\limits_{2 - chlorobu\tan oic\,acid} > \mathop {{C_6}{H_5}COOH}\limits_{Benzoic\,acid} > \mathop {C{H_3}COOH}\limits_{Acetic\,acid}}$