Biomolecules

Sucrose and cellulose does not reduces Tollen's reagent. This is because they lack free aldehyde or ketone group necessary for the reaction.

Statement-I: Lysine, arginine are essential and basic amino acids.

• Essentiality: Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot synthesize it and it must be obtained from the diet. Arginine is often considered a conditionally essential amino acid (essential during growth, pregnancy, or illness) but is frequently grouped with essential amino acids in general contexts.

• Basicity: Basic amino acids have an extra amino group or other basic group in their side chain, which is protonated and positively charged at physiological pH.

  • Lysine has a primary amino group (-NH2) at the end of its side chain.

  • Arginine has a guanidinium group in its side chain.

  Both are indeed basic amino acids.

  Therefore, Statement-I is correct.

Statement-II: Leucine, phenylalanine are non essential and neutral amino acids.

• Essentiality:

  • Leucine is one of the nine essential amino acids.

  • Phenylalanine is also an essential amino acid.

  Thus, the claim that they are "non-essential" is incorrect.

• Neutrality:

  • Leucine has an aliphatic, nonpolar side chain, making it a neutral amino acid.

  • Phenylalanine has an aromatic, nonpolar side chain, making it a neutral amino acid.

  Thus, the claim that they are "neutral amino acids" is correct.

Since the first part of the statement (non-essential) is incorrect, Statement-II as a whole is not correct.

Conclusion:

Statement-I is correct.

Statement-II is not correct.

This corresponds to Option C.

The final answer is $\boxed{C}$

The correct structure of $\beta$-D-(-)-fructofuranose is

The reaction requires a free aldehyde group which is not readily available in cyclic structure.

Enzymetic reaction given in option (b) is incorrect for conversion of starch to maltose. The correct form is,

$ \text { Starch } \xrightarrow{\text { Amylase }} \text { Maltose } $

Essential amino acid : Leucine and Histidine

Non essential amino acid : Tyrosine and cysteine.

Essential are those which human body does not produce and vice-versa.

A nucleoside of RNA is composed of a nitrogenous base (like uracil adenine, cytosine or guanine) attached to a ribose sugar molecules.

The correct structure is

1. Amylose:

   • Amylose is a linear polymer made up of D-glucose units.

   • The glucose units are linked together by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

2. Amylopectin:

   • Amylopectin is a branched polymer of D-glucose units.

   • The linear chains are formed by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

   • Branching occurs due to α-1,6-glycosidic bonds at intervals.

3. Cellulose:

   • Cellulose is a linear polymer of D-glucose units.

   • The glucose units are linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. This type of linkage gives cellulose its rigid, structural properties.

Now, let's match List-I (Glycosidic linkage) with List-II (Polysaccharide):

• (A) α-1,4: This linkage is characteristic of the linear chains in both amylose and amylopectin. Since amylose only has α-1,4 linkages for its main structure, it's the most direct match here. So, A - (I) Amylose.

• (B) β-1,4: This linkage is unique to (III) Cellulose among the given options. So, B - (III) Cellulose.

• (C) α-1,4, α-1,6: The presence of both α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages indicates a branched polysaccharide with alpha linkages, which is characteristic of (II) Amylopectin. So, C - (II) Amylopectin.

Therefore, the correct matching is:

• A - I

• B - III

• C - II

The aminoacids, which can be synthesised in the body are called non-essential amino acid. While those amino acids which cannot be synthesised in the body must be obtained through diet. Thus, among the given amino acids.

Essential amino acid is $X=$ Lysine, Arginine, Non-essential amino acid is $Y=$ Alanine, Serine, Tyrosine

Statement–I:

Cane sugar is a disaccharide of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose.

• Cane sugar is sucrose.

• The structure of sucrose consists of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose units joined by an α,β‑1→2 glycosidic linkage.

✅ Statement-I is correct.

Statement–II:

Milk sugar is a disaccharide of α-D-glucose and β-D-galactose.

• Milk sugar is lactose.

• Lactose is composed of β-D-galactose and β-D-glucose, linked by a β‑1→4 glycosidic bond.

• The glucose part in lactose is β-D-glucose, not α-D-glucose.

❌ Statement-II is not correct.

✅ Final Answer:

Option C:

Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is not correct.

• Convulsions occur when there is an issue with the normal functioning of the nervous system.

• Vitamin that prevents convulsions: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) is required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as GABA.

  Deficiency of Vitamin B₆ → decreased GABA formation → neuronal hyperexcitability → convulsions.

Now let’s check the source:

• Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine) is found in cereals, pulses, nuts, and non-vegetarian foods.

✅ Correct answer:

X = Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆)

Y = Cereals

Answer: Option D — Pyridoxine, cereals

Statement I is correct, but statement II is not correct. The correct form is, $\alpha$-Helix and $\beta$-pleated sheet structure of protein represent secondary structure of it.

Statement I:

“Lactose is composed of α‑D‑glucose and β‑D‑glucose.”

🧠 Recall:

Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide consisting of β‑D‑galactose and β‑D‑glucose, linked by a β(1→4) glycosidic bond:

$ \text{β‑D‑Galactose}-(1→4)-\text{β‑D‑Glucose}. $

Therefore, it is not composed of two glucose molecules — one of the units is galactose.

✅ Hence, Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II:

“Lactose is a reducing sugar.”

🧠 Explanation:

In lactose, the glucose unit still has a free anomeric carbon (the hemiacetal group), so it can undergo mutarotation and reduce Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution.

Thus, lactose is a reducing sugar.

✅ Statement II is correct.

✅ Final Answer:

Option D: Statement I is not correct, but Statement II is correct.

A. Glucocorticoids →

They are secreted from the adrenal cortex (e.g., cortisol) and function mainly in carbohydrate metabolism (they increase blood glucose level).

✅ A → IV (Control the carbohydrate metabolism)

B. Mineralocorticoids →

Also from the adrenal cortex (e.g., aldosterone); they regulate water and salt balance through the kidneys.

✅ B → III (Control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidneys)

C. Progesterone →

Secreted by the corpus luteum; prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg.

✅ C → II (Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilised egg)

D. Estradiol →

An estrogen that plays a key role in the control of the menstrual cycle.

✅ D → I (In the control of menstrual cycle)

✅ Final Matching:

A–IV, B–III, C–II, D–I

Correct Option: C

Cane sugar and amylose contain $\alpha$-D glucose unit. Milk sugar and cellulose contains $\beta$-D glucose unit.

Adenine and cytosine contains purine and pyrimidine base of DNA.

$ \text { The given structure of uracil. } $

(I) Hydrolysis of sucrose

Sucrose $(a q)+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \xrightarrow{x}$Glucose + fructose

Enzyme $x=$ Invertase

(II) Fermentation of glucose

Glucose $\xrightarrow{(y)}$ Ethanol $+\mathrm{CO}_2$

Enzyme $y=$ Zymase

The incorrect statements regarding amylose is, given in option (c). The correct form is,

Amylose is a linear not a highly branched polymer of $\alpha$-D-(+)-glucose unit.

The improper functioning of adrenal cortex $(X)$ results in Addison's disease.

Estradiol $(Y)$ hormone is responsible for the developments, of secondary female character.

Hormones act as intracellular messangers. Intracellular messanger also called as chemical messanger. It is because they are chemical agent that go around the body to tell particular cell to play a specific action.

Vitamin deficiencies can lead to various health issues. Here's a brief explanation of two specific vitamin deficiencies:

Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine) Deficiency: A lack of vitamin B₁ can lead to a condition known as beriberi. This condition affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems, causing symptoms such as weakness, confusion, and difficulty breathing.

Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine) Deficiency: Insufficient vitamin B₆ can result in convulsions or seizures. This vitamin is crucial for neurotransmitter synthesis and proper brain function.

Thus, the deficiency of vitamin B₁ causes beriberi, and the deficiency of vitamin B₆ causes convulsions.

Five -OH group are present in 152 both open and closed (ring) structure of D-glucose.

A. Hydrolysis of starch to maltose: This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Diastase. So, A matches with I.

B. [This entry appears to be unrelated to enzymes and reactions. It seems to be mistakenly included. Therefore, we will skip it.]

C. Hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose: This process is facilitated by the enzyme Invertase. Thus, C corresponds to III.

D. Glucose to ethanol: The enzyme responsible for this conversion is Zymase. Hence, D matches with IV.

Based on these matches:

A - I

C - III

D - IV

Therefore, the correct answer is Option D: A-I, C-III, D-IV.

The correct answer is Option C: Glutamine.

Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot produce in sufficient quantities on its own, so they must be obtained from the diet. Here's a quick breakdown of the options:

$\textbf{Lysine}$: An essential amino acid.

$\textbf{Histidine}$: Generally considered essential, especially in growing individuals.

$\textbf{Methionine}$: An essential amino acid.

$\textbf{Glutamine}$: Although very important for many functions (e.g., muscle recovery, immune function), it is non-essential because the human body can synthesize it.

Thus, Option C, Glutamine, is not an essential amino acid.

Fructose is not a disaccharide.

A disaccharide is a type of sugar that forms when two monosaccharides join together through a glycosidic linkage. Fructose, on the other hand, is a monosaccharide, meaning it is a single sugar molecule and not composed of two units like disaccharides are.

$ \begin{array}{ll} \hline \text { Name } & \text { Chemical formula } \\ \hline \text { Morphine } & \mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{19} \mathrm{NO}_3 \\ \hline \text { Heroin } & \mathrm{C}_{21} \mathrm{H}_{23} \mathrm{NO}_5 \\ \hline \text { Penicillin } & \mathrm{C}_{16} \mathrm{H}_{18} \mathrm{~N}_2 \mathrm{O}_4 \mathrm{~S} \\ \hline \text { Terpineol } & \mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{18} \mathrm{O} \\ \hline \text { Cimetidine } & \mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{~N}_6 \mathrm{~S} \\ \hline \end{array} $

Let's analyze each option:

Option A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, not water-soluble. Its deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia, which is correct, but the solubility is mismatched.

Option B: Vitamin B₆ is water-soluble, but its deficiency does not cause scurvy. Scurvy is actually due to a deficiency of Vitamin C.

Option C: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, and its deficiency can lead to rickets. This set is correctly matched.

Option D: Vitamin C is water-soluble, not fat-soluble, and its deficiency leads to scurvy. Also, convulsions are not typically associated with Vitamin C deficiency.

Thus, the correctly matched set is:

$\textbf{Option C: Vitamin D - fat soluble - rickets.}$

For statement I: In double-stranded DNA, according to Chargaff’s rules, the number of cytosine (C) bases is equal to the number of guanine (G) bases. This is because C pairs with G. Therefore, when DNA is hydrolyzed, cytosine and guanine are released in equal quantities.

For statement II: RNA is typically single-stranded and does not follow the strict base pairing rules found in DNA. Thus, the relationship between adenine (A) and uracil (U) in RNA is not necessarily one of equal quantities.

Based on this analysis:

Statement I is correct.

Statement II is incorrect.

So, the correct answer is Option C: Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

The constitution of a protein refers to its basic makeup—the specific sequence of amino acids that form the protein. This level of organization is known as the $\textbf{primary structure}$ of the protein.

Here's a quick breakdown:

$\textbf{Primary Structure:}$ The linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

$\textbf{Secondary Structure:}$ Local arrangements such as alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding.

$\textbf{Tertiary Structure:}$ The overall three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide.

$\textbf{Quaternary Structure:}$ The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in a multi-subunit protein.

Since "constitution" is about the fundamental composition, the correct answer is:

Option C: Primary structure.

Carrots are a source of vitamin A, which is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining good vision and supporting the immune system. On the other hand, curd provides vitamin B₁₂, a water-soluble vitamin that is important for blood cell formation.

A nucleoside consists solely of a sugar and a nitrogenous base. When a phosphate group is added, it becomes a nucleotide. Therefore, the simplified version of a nucleoside is represented by:

$\text{Nucleoside} = \text{Sugar} + \text{Base}$

So, the correct answer is Option B: Sugar - base.

Essential amino acids are those amino acids, which the body cannot produce by themselves.

While non-essential amino acids are produced by body itself.

$ \begin{array}{ll} \hline \text { Essential } & \text { Non-essential } \\ \hline \text { Amino acid } & \text { Amino acid } \\ \hline \text { Valine (Val) } & \text { Glycine (Gly) } \\ \hline \text { Leucine (Leu) } & \text { Proline (Pro) } \\ \hline \text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { Serine (Ser) } \\ \hline \end{array} $

Tollens' reagent, which is an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution $\left[\mathrm{Ag}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{OH}\right]$, is used to test for reducing sugars. Reducing sugars have a free aldehyde group that reacts with Tollens' reagent.

In the case of sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁), there is no free anomeric carbon available to act as a reducing agent. Therefore, sucrose does not react with Tollens' reagent.

The asparagine amino acid consists of an alpha-amino group $\left(-\mathrm{NH}_2\right)$, an alpha carboxylic group $(-\mathrm{COOH})$ and a side chain of

Among the given structure valine is an essential amino acid.

Other essential amino acids are : Leucine, isoleucine, lysine etc. Essential amino acid are not synthesised in human body. Hence, it is obtained from other food sources.

The correct answer is Option B: Progesterone.

Here's why:

After ovulation, the corpus luteum releases progesterone.

Progesterone prepares the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) by thickening it, making it suitable for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

Although estradiol (Option A) plays a key role in the initial growth of the uterine lining, it is progesterone that ensures the lining is receptive.

Testosterone (Option C) and thyroxin (Option D) do not have a direct role in preparing the uterus for implantation.

Thus, progesterone is essential for a successful implantation process.

$\text { Sucrose } \xrightarrow{\text { Invertase }} \text { Glucose }+ \text { Fructose }$

$\begin{aligned} & \text { Proteins } \xrightarrow{\text { Pepsin }} \text { Peptides } \\ & \text { Starch } \xrightarrow{\text { Diastase }} \text { Maltose } \end{aligned}$

$\text { The correct match is A-II, B-III, C-IV. }$

Carbohydrates are stored in plants and animals in different forms because their storage needs and structures vary. In plants, carbohydrates are typically stored as starch, while in animals, they are stored as glycogen.

To understand this better, let's look at each storage form:

Starch: Starch is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in plants. It is composed of two molecules, amylose and amylopectin, which are both polymers of glucose. Starch is stored in plastids (like chloroplasts and amyloplasts) within plant cells.

Glycogen: Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide formed of glucose units, similar to starch but more extensively branched. It is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in animals and is predominantly stored in the liver and muscle tissues.

Given these details, the correct forms of carbohydrate storage in plants and animals are:

Option D: Starch in plants and Glycogen in animals.

Glycylalanine is a dipeptide made up of glycine and L-alanine residues. When glycine and alanine link together, a water molecule is released and glycylalanine is formed which works as a metabolite:

Our body needs vitamin $\mathrm{B}_{12}$ to make red blood cells. Deficiency of vitamin $\mathrm{B}_{12}$ causes a rare blood disorder also known as pernicious anemia. It is characterised by inability of body to produce red blood cells.

Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. So, it is excreted with the urine. Other vitamins like, A, E and K are fat soluble thus, can be stored in the body.

But vitamin C cannot be stored in the body.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone produced by alpha cells of pancreas. It raises the concentration of blood glucose in human.

A peptide bond is formed when carboxyl group of $\alpha$-amino acid reacts with amine group of $\alpha$-amino acids. This proceeds by dehydration i.e. removal of a water molecule.

Vitamins are substances that body need to grow and develop normally. As human body does not produce vitamins, it is required to take in diet.

Vitamin-B$_1$ is thiamine which is water soluble vitamin.

Vitamin-B$_2$ is Riboflavin, B$_{12}$ is cobalamine and B$_6$ is pyridoxine.

As the molecule exist in 3 states in aqueous solution, it means, it is a amino acid. Alanine is example of amino acid.

In aqueous medium alanine is exist as a Zwitter ion.

Cationic form of alanine exists in acidic medium.

Hence, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.

Preparation of glucose from starch When starch is boiled with dilute sulphuric acid at 393 K under pressure 2-3 atm. It is hydrolysed to give glucose

$\underset{\text { Starch }}{\left(\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_5\right)_n}+n \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \underset{343 \mathrm{~K}, 2-3 \mathrm{~atm}}{\stackrel{\text { Dil. } \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4}{\longrightarrow}} n \underset{\text { Glucose }}{\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_6}$

On completing the reaction, excess $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4$ is neutralised by addition of chalk powder and solution is decolourised by activated charcoal.

The process which converts glucose into ethyl alcohol with the liberation of CO$_2$ is known as alcoholic fermentation. Such reactions are carried out by yeasts as a part of their anerobic respiration process. The process occurs in the presence of zymase enzyme, which is present in yeast. This method is used in the preparation of alcohol.

$\underset{\text { Glucose }}{\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_6}+ \mathrm{Zymase }\rightarrow \underset{\text { Ethanol }}{2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}}+\underset{\begin{array}{c}\text { Carbon } \\ \text { dioxide }\end{array}}{2 \mathrm{CO}_2}$