Question 1: Palette 1/176

Allen MCQ

In the diagram of excretory system of human beings given below, different parts have been indicated by alphabets choose the answer in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts which they represent:-

A

A = Kidney, B = Dorsal aorta, C = Ureter, D = Urinary bladder, E = Urethra, F = Renal pelvis

B

A = Kidney, B = Dorsal aorta, C = Urethra, D=Urinary bladder, E=Ureter, F=Renal pelvis

C

A = Kidney, B = Renal pelvis, C = Urethra, D=Urinary bladder, E=Ureter, F=Renal pelvis

D

A = Kidney, B = Dorsal aorta, C = Urethra, D=Urinary bladder, E=Renal pelvis, F=Ureter

Question 2: Palette 2/176

Allen MCQ

Nitrogenous waste products are eliminated mainly as :-

A

Urea in tadpole & ammonia in adult frog

B

Ammonia in tadpole and urea in adult frog.

C

Urea in both tadpole & adult frog.

D

Urea in tadpole and uric acid in adult frog.

Question 3: Palette 3/176

Allen MCQ

Ammonia is the main nitrogenous excretory material in :-

A

Amphibians

B

Aves

C

Tadpoles

D

Reptiles

Question 4: Palette 4/176

Allen MCQ

The blood vessel taking blood towards Bowman's capsule is :-

A

Afferent arteriole

B

Efferent arteriole

C

Renal vein

D

Renal portal vein.

Question 5: Palette 5/176

Allen MCQ

Each kidney of an adult human measures :-

A

Length-10-12 cm, Width-5-7 cm, Thickness-2-3 cm, Weight-120-170 gm

B

Length-10-20 cm, Width-10-12 cm, Thickness-6-12 cm, Weight-40-50 gm

C

Length-2-6 cm, Width-10-12 cm, Thickness-6-12 cm, Weight-40-50 gm

D

Length-10-20 mm, Width-5-7 mm, Thickness-2-3 cm, Weight-120-170 mg

Question 6: Palette 6/176

Allen MCQ

Read the following statements about human excretory system and choose the correct option accordingly. I. Kidneys are reddish brown and beanshaped structure. II. Kidneys are situated between the last thoracic to third lumbar vertebra. III. Each kidney of an adult human measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3 cm thickness, and average weight 120-170 gram.

A

I and II

B

II and III

C

III and I

D

All

Question 7: Palette 7/176

Allen MCQ

Excretion is:-

A

Removal of substances required by body

B

Removal of nitrogenous useless substances and substances present in excess

C

Formation of substances having some role in body

D

Both (1) and (2)

Question 8: Palette 8/176

Allen MCQ

In mammals the urinary bladder opens into:-

A

Uterus

B

Urethra

C

Vestibule

D

Ureter

Question 9: Palette 9/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following is not a function of kidney?

A

Regulation of arterial pressure

B

Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign chemicals.

C

Secretion of hormones like erythropoietin and renin.

D

Secretion of HCl and castle intrinsic factor (CIF).

Question 10: Palette 10/176

Allen MCQ

Urea is derived from:-

A

Fats

B

Amino acids

C

Carbohydrates

D

Uric acid

Question 11: Palette 11/176

Allen MCQ

Animals which excrete large amount of ammonia are:-

A

Terrestrial

B

Amphibians

C

Egg laying

D

Aquatic

Question 12: Palette 12/176

Allen MCQ

Ureotelic animals are those in which the main nitrogenous waste product is:-

A

Amino acids

B

Urea

C

Uric acid

D

Ammonia

Question 13: Palette 13/176

Allen MCQ

Excretory product of mammals is:-

A

Salts

B

Glucose

C

Urea

D

Ammonia D

Question 14: Palette 14/176

Allen MCQ

Malpighian corpuscles occur in:-

A

Medulla

B

Cortex

C

Pelvis

D

Pyramid

Question 15: Palette 15/176

Allen MCQ

Brush border epithelium is characteristic of:-

A

Neck of nephron

B

Collecting tube

C

Proximal convoluted tubule

D

All the above

Question 16: Palette 16/176

Allen MCQ

In cockroach, the excretory product is:-

A

Ammonia

B

Uric acid

C

Urea

D

Both (1) and (3)

Question 17: Palette 17/176

Allen MCQ

Ornithine cycle operates in :-

A

Stomach

B

Pancreas

C

Liver

D

Oral cavity

Question 18: Palette 18/176

Allen MCQ

Ornithine cycle performs:-

A

ATP synthesis

B

Urea formation in spleen

C

Urea formation in liver

D

Urine formation in liver

Question 19: Palette 19/176

Allen MCQ

Uriniferous tubules occur in:-

A

Stomach

B

Testes

C

Ovary

D

Kidney

Question 20: Palette 20/176

Allen MCQ

Identify A to D in the given structure and choose the correct option accordingly.

A

A-Calyx, B-Cortex, C-Renal column, D-Ureter

B

A-Calyx, B-Cortex, C-Renal column, D-Urethra

C

A-Urethra, B-Cortex, C-Renal column, D-Calyx

D

A-Urethra, B-Calyx, C-Renal column, D-Cortex

Question 21: Palette 21/176

Allen MCQ

The two kidneys lie in man:-

A

At the level of ovaries

B

At the same level

C

Left kidney at a higher level than the right one

D

Right kidney at a higher level than the left one

Question 22: Palette 22/176

Allen MCQ

Vasa recta are tubular capillaries around:-

A

Posterior part of alimentary canal

B

PCT

C

Loop of Henle

D

DCT

Question 23: Palette 23/176

Allen MCQ

Diameter of the renal afferent vessel is:-

A

Same as that of efferent

B

Smaller than that of efferent

C

Larger than that of efferent

D

There is no efferent vessel

Question 24: Palette 24/176

Allen MCQ

Choose the mismatched part of nephron with their function.

A

Bowman's capsule-Glomerular filtration

B

PCT-Reabsorption of Na⁺ and K⁺

C

DCT-Reabsorption of glucose

D

Loop of Henle-Urine concentration

Question 25: Palette 25/176

Allen MCQ

A notch present on the medial side of kidney is known as:-

A

Ureter

B

Pelvis

C

Hilus

D

Pyramid

Question 26: Palette 26/176

Allen MCQ

Which is false?

A

Nephron-Excretion

B

Alveoli-Respiration

C

Kidney-osmoregulation

D

None of these

Question 27: Palette 27/176

Allen MCQ

The snakes living in deserts are mainly:-

A

Ammonotelic

B

Aminotelic

C

Ureotelic

D

Uricotelic

Question 28: Palette 28/176

Allen MCQ

Which one is not the function of kidney?

A

Osmoregulation

B

Salt retention

C

Excretion

D

Synthesis of urea

Question 29: Palette 29/176

Allen MCQ

Ammonia is the chief excretory substance in:

A

Camel and whale

B

Cartilaginous fishes

C

Whale and Tortoise

D

Fresh water fishes

Question 30: Palette 30/176

Allen MCQ

One of the following excrete urea:-

A

Snakes

B

Birds

C

Insects

D

Mammals

Question 31: Palette 31/176

Allen MCQ

Uric acid excretion is an adaptation for:-

A

Water conservation

B

Water removal

C

Osmoregulation

D

None

Question 32: Palette 32/176

Allen MCQ

NH₃ is:-

A

Less toxic

B

Toxic

C

Highly toxic

D

None

Question 33: Palette 33/176

Allen MCQ

Out of the four parts given below, which parts play significant role in forming concentrated urine in human ? I. Loop of Henle II. Glomerulus III. Bowman's capsule IV. Vasa recta The correct option is

A

I and II

B

III and IV

C

II and III

D

I and IV

Question 34: Palette 34/176

Allen MCQ

Which is absent in Glomerular filtrate?

A

Blood corpuscles

B

Fats

C

Proteins

D

All

Question 35: Palette 35/176

Allen MCQ

Urine formed by nephrons is ultimately carried to ....A... where it is stored till a voluntary signal is given by the ...B... . This signal is initiated by ...C... of urinary bladder. Choose the correct option for A, B and C.

A

A-Urethra, B-CNS, C-PNS

B

A-Urinary bladder, B-CNS, C-stretching

C

A-Urethra, B-CNS, C-Stretching

D

A-Urethra, B-CNS, C-ANS

Question 36: Palette 36/176

Allen MCQ

Conversion of ammonia to urea is done by… Cycle :-

A

Ornithine cycle

B

Arginine cycle

C

Fumaric cycle

D

Citrulline cycle

Question 37: Palette 37/176

Allen MCQ

The movement of ions against the concentration gradient will be:-

A

Active transport

B

Osmosis

C

Diffusion

D

All

Question 38: Palette 38/176

Allen MCQ

Correct order of excretory organs in Cockroach, Earthworm and Rabbit respectively :-

A

Skin, Malpighian tubules, kidney

B

Malpighian tubules, nephridia, kidney

C

Nephridia, Malpighian tubules, kidney

D

Nephridia, kidney, green gland

Question 39: Palette 39/176

Allen MCQ

Which one of the following body functions is not performed by kidneys?

A

Excretion

B

Osmoregulation

C

Regulation of blood volume

D

Destruction of dead blood corpuscles

Question 40: Palette 40/176

Allen MCQ

Nitrogen is excreted in mammals in the form of :-

A

Ammonium ion

B

Ammonia

C

Uric acid

D

Urea

Question 41: Palette 41/176

Allen MCQ

Which one of the four parts mentioned below does not constitute a part of a single uriniferous tubule?

A

Bowman's capsule

B

Distal convoluted tubule

C

Loop of Henle

D

Collecting duct

Question 42: Palette 42/176

Allen Match the Columns

The correct pairing sequene is: Match the following Column-I
with Column-II:

Column-I	Column-II
(A) Loop of Henle (B) Renal artery (C) Proximal convoluted tubule (D) Glomerulus (E) Distal convoluted tubule	(I) Carries blood to the kidney (II) Area where a considerable amount of reabsorption takes place (III) Main area of K⁺, H⁺ secretion (IV) Filtration of blood (V) Plays a role in concentration of urine

A

5,1,2,4,3

B

5,1,2,3,4

C

1,5,3,4,2

D

2,1,3,5,4

Question 43: Palette 43/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following is not a function of kidneys?

A

Regulation of blood pressure

B

Removal of urea

C

Regulation of acidity of fluids

D

Secretion of antibiotics

Question 44: Palette 44/176

Allen MCQ

Aquatic reptiles are :-

A

Ammonotelic

B

Ureotelic over land

C

Ureotelic

D

Ureotelic in water

Question 45: Palette 45/176

Allen MCQ

During micturition :-

A

Urethra relaxes

B

Ureter contracts

C

Ureter relaxes

D

Urethra contracts

Question 46: Palette 46/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following are uricotelic animals?

A

Rohu and Frog

B

Lizard and Crow

C

Camel and Frog

D

Earthworm and Eagle

Question 47: Palette 47/176

Allen MCQ

Duct of Bellini opens on :-

A

Collecting duct

B

Ureter

C

Renal papilla

D

DCT

Question 48: Palette 48/176

Allen MCQ

Loop of Henle is associated with :-

A

Excretory system

B

Respiratory system

C

Reproductive system

D

Digestive system

Question 49: Palette 49/176

Allen MCQ

Uric acid is the main excretory product in :-

A

Insects

B

Earthworm

C

Amphibians

D

Mammals

Question 50: Palette 50/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following is metabolic waste of protein metabolism?

A

NH₃, urea and $\mathsf { C O } _ { 2 }$

B

Urea, oxygen and N₂

C

Urea, ammonia and alanine

D

Urea, ammonia and creatinine

Question 51: Palette 51/176

Allen MCQ

The most abundant, harmful and universal waste product of metabolism is:-

A

$\complement 0 _ { 2 }$

B

Uric acid

C

$H _ { 2 } O$

D

C₂H₅OH

Question 52: Palette 52/176

Allen MCQ

Blood vessel leading into Bowman's capsule are called :-

A

Renal vein

B

Renal artery

C

Efferent arteriole

D

Afferent arteriole

Question 53: Palette 53/176

Allen MCQ

A man has taken large amount of protein in his diet. He will excrete more of:-

A

Urea

B

Uric acid

C

Sugar

D

Salts and water

Question 54: Palette 54/176

Allen MCQ

Reabsorption of useful substances from glomerular filtrate occurs in:-

A

Collecting tube

B

Loop of Henle

C

Proximal convoluted tubule

D

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 55: Palette 55/176

Allen MCQ

Occurrence of excess urea in blood due to kidney failure is:-

A

Urochrome

B

Uremia

C

Uricotelism

D

Ureotelism

Question 56: Palette 56/176

Allen MCQ

Total filtrate formed in 24 hours in human kidney is:-

A

1.8 litres

B

8.0 litres

C

18 litres

D

180 litres

Question 57: Palette 57/176

Allen MCQ

In kidney, glomerulus is involved in:-

A

Reabsorption of salts

B

Urine collection

C

Urine formation by blood filtration

D

Tubular secretion

Question 58: Palette 58/176

Allen MCQ

The mechanism of urine formation in nephron involves :-

A

Ultrafiltration

B

Reproduction

C

Diffusion

D

Osmosis

Question 59: Palette 59/176

Allen MCQ

Glucose is taken back from glomerular filtrate through:-

A

Active transport

B

Passive transport

C

Osmosis

D

Diffusion

Question 60: Palette 60/176

Allen MCQ

Reabsorption of chloride ions from glomerular filtrate in kidney tubule occurs by :-

A

Active transport

B

Diffusion

C

Osmosis

D

Brownian movement

Question 61: Palette 61/176

Allen MCQ

Main functions of kidney is :-

A

Passive absorption

B

Ultrafiltration

C

Selective reabsorption

D

Both (2) and (3)

Question 62: Palette 62/176

Allen MCQ

The afferent arteriole diameter is more than efferent arteriole helps in :-

A

More blood flow to efferent arteriole

B

Creating lower pressure in glomerulus

C

Creating higher pressure in glomerulus

D

Tubular secretion

Question 63: Palette 63/176

Allen MCQ

Which part of nephron is affected by aldosterone?

A

P.C.T.

B

Late part of C.T.

C

D.C.T.

D

Duct of Bellini

Question 64: Palette 64/176

Allen MCQ

Concentration of urine depends upon which organ:-

A

Bowman's capsule

B

Length of Henle's loop

C

P.C.T.

D

Network of capillaries arising from glomerulus

Question 65: Palette 65/176

Allen MCQ

Which one does not filter out from blood to Bowman's capsule in glomerular ultrafiltration?

A

Amino acids

B

Polypeptide

C

Glucose

D

Fatty acids

Question 66: Palette 66/176

Allen MCQ

The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is :-

A

10-25 mm Hg

B

50-80 mm Hg

C

80-100 mm Hg

D

30-50 mm Hg

Question 67: Palette 67/176

Allen MCQ

Hemodialysis helps in the patient having :-

A

Uremia

B

Anaemia

C

Diabetes

D

goitre

Question 68: Palette 68/176

Allen MCQ

Water reabsorption in the distal parts of kidney tubules is regulated by :-

A

STH

B

TSH

C

ADH

D

MSH

Question 69: Palette 69/176

Allen MCQ

Due to insufficient filtration in the Bowman's capsule, all are likely to happen except :-

A

Accumulation of fluid in the body

B

Increase in blood pressure

C

Increase in blood urea level

D

Loss of glucose through urine

Question 70: Palette 70/176

Allen MCQ

Urinary excretion of Na⁺ is regulated by :-

A

Anterior pituitary

B

Posterior pituitary

C

Adrenal cortex

D

Adrenal medulla

Question 71: Palette 71/176

Allen MCQ

In the kidney, the formation of urine involve the following processes arranged as:-

A

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion

B

Reabsorption, filtration and secretion

C

Secretion, absorption and filtration

D

Filtration, secretion and reabsorption

Question 72: Palette 72/176

Allen MCQ

What for the ascending limb of Loop of Henle is permeable?

A

Glucose

B

NH₃

C

Na⁺

D

Water

Question 73: Palette 73/176

Allen MCQ

If ADH level of blood is less :-

A

Volume of urine increases

B

Volume of urine decreases

C

Volume of urine is normal

D

Volume of urine is unaffected

Question 74: Palette 74/176

Allen MCQ

Human urine as compared to human blood is normally :-

A

Hypotonic

B

Hypertonic

C

Isotonic

D

All of these

Question 75: Palette 75/176

Allen MCQ

Main function of glomerulus is :-

A

Filtration of blood

B

Reabsorption of H₂O

C

Reabsorption of Na⁺

D

Concentration of urine

Question 76: Palette 76/176

Allen MCQ

Absorption of H₂O in DCT is controlled by :-

A

ADH

B

ACTH

C

Rennin

D

Oxytocin

Question 77: Palette 77/176

Allen MCQ

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is present in:

A

Tubule of kidney

B

Bowman's capsule

C

Glomerulus of uriniferous tubule

D

Malpighian tubule

Question 78: Palette 78/176

Allen MCQ

Absorption of Na+ and K⁺ ions does not occur in:

A

Bowman's capsule

B

Loop of Henle

C

distal convoluted tubule

D

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 79: Palette 79/176

Allen MCQ

Liquid which collects in the cavity of Bowman's Capsule is :-

A

Blood plasma minus blood proteins

B

Glycogen and water

C

Urea, glycogen and water

D

Urea

Question 80: Palette 80/176

Allen MCQ

Loop of Henle is primarily meant for absorption of :-

A

Potassium

B

Glucose

C

Urea

D

Water

Question 81: Palette 81/176

Allen MCQ

Blood dialysis is called :-

A

Artificial lung

B

Artificial kidney

C

Artificial heart

D

Artificial brain

Question 82: Palette 82/176

Allen MCQ

The complete reabsorption of glucose takes place in :-

A

Collecting tubule

B

Distal tubule

C

Proximal convoluted tubule

D

Henle loop

Question 83: Palette 83/176

Allen MCQ

A condition of failure of kidney to form urine is called :-

A

Creatinine

B

Hematuria

C

Anuria

D

Ketonuria

Question 84: Palette 84/176

Allen MCQ

Diuresis is the condition in which:-

A

The excretion of volume of urine increases

B

The excretion of volume of urine decreases

C

The kidney fails to excrete urine

D

The water balance of the body is disturbed.

Question 85: Palette 85/176

Allen MCQ

Choose the incorrect matched pair?

A

Nephridia — Earth worms

B

Kidneys — All vertebrates

C

Antennal Gland — Cockroach

D

Flame cells — Rotifers

Question 86: Palette 86/176

Allen MCQ

In diabetes insipidus the patient drinks more water as there is urinary loss of:-

A

Salt

B

Insulin

C

Protein

D

Water

Question 87: Palette 87/176

Allen MCQ

Uremia is a disease when there is an excess of:

A

Cholesterol in the blood

B

Glucose in the blood

C

Urea in the blood

D

Urea in urine

Question 88: Palette 88/176

Allen MCQ

Ketonuria is:-

A

Albumin in urine

B

Globulin in urine

C

Ketone bodies in urine

D

None of the above

Question 89: Palette 89/176

Allen MCQ

Choose incorrectly matched option with respect to chemical composition of urine:

A

Salts = 2%

B

Water = 95%

C

Urea = 2.7%

D

Other material = 1.3%

Question 90: Palette 90/176

Allen MCQ

Stimulation of voiding of urine occur in bladder at :

A

600 ml.

B

220 ml.

C

300 ml.

D

400 ml.

Question 91: Palette 91/176

Allen MCQ

Which substance is used mainly in kidney function test?

A

Glucose

B

Na⁺

C

Inulin

D

Urea

Question 92: Palette 92/176

Allen MCQ

The appearance of albumin in the urine is most likely due to :-

A

Increase in the blood pressure

B

Decrease in the blood osmotic pressure

C

Damage to the Malpighian corpuscles

D

Damage to the proximal convoluted tubules

Question 93: Palette 93/176

Allen MCQ

Kidney crystals are solid clusters of :-

A

Calcium nitrate and uric acid

B

Calcium phosphate and uric acid

C

Calcium carbonate and uric acid

D

Calcium metabisulphite and uric acid

Question 94: Palette 94/176

Allen MCQ

Identify the correct set of statements :-
(a) Bowman's capsule along with Glomerulus is called Malpighian body or renal corpuscle
(b) PCT is the most coiled part of nephron.
(c) Malpighian corpuscles, PCT and Henle's loop of nephron are situated in the cortical part of kidney.
(d) In juxta medullary nephrons, the loop of Henles is very long and runs deep into the medulla.
(e) A minute vessels of peritubular capillary network runs antiparallel to the Henle's loop called vasa recta.

A

a, b and d only

B

a, c and e only

C

a, b, c and e only

D

c, d and e only

Question 95: Palette 95/176

Allen MCQ

Why do we pass more urine in wet and cold season?

A

Impairment of water absorption by nephrons

B

Kidney becomes more active

C

Sweating is much decreased

D

ADH secretion is increased

Question 96: Palette 96/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Increase in aldosterone levels

B

Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels

C

Decrease in aldosterone levels

D

Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels

Question 97: Palette 97/176

Allen MCQ

Removal of proximal convoluted tubule from the nephron will result in:

A

More concentrated urine

B

No change in quality and quantity of urine

C

No urine formation

D

More diluted urine

Question 98: Palette 98/176

Allen MCQ

Human urine is usually acidic because :-

A

hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the filtrate.

B

the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion, in peritubular capillaries.

C

excreted plasma proteins are acidic

D

potassium and sodium exchange generates acidity.

Question 99: Palette 99/176

Allen MCQ

In mammals, which blood vessel would normally carry largest amount of urea ?

A

Renal Vein

B

Dorsal Aorta

C

Hepatic Vein

D

Hepatic Portal Vein

Question 100: Palette 100/176

Allen MCQ

The part of nephron involved in active reabsorption of sodium is :-

A

Bowman's capsule

B

Descending limb of Henle's loop

C

Distal convoluted tubule

D

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 101: Palette 101/176

Allen MCQ

A decrease in blood pressure / volume will not cause the release of :-

A

Atrial natriuretic factor

B

Aldosterone

C

ADH

D

Renin

Question 102: Palette 102/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following statements is correct?

A

The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

B

The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water.

C

The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes.

D

The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

Question 103: Palette 103/176

Allen Match the Columns

Match the items given in Column-I with those in Column-II and select the correct option given below:

Column-I	Column-II
(A) Glycosuria (B) Gout (C) Renal calculi (D) Glomerular nephritis	(I) Accumulation of uric acid in joints (II) Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney (III) Inflammation in glomeruli (IV) Presence of glucose in urine

A

A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

B

A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

C

A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

D

A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

Question 104: Palette 104/176

Allen Match the Columns

Match the items given in Column-I with those in Column-II and select the correct option given below:
(Function) with (Part of Excretory System):

Column-I	Column-II
(A) Ultrafiltration (B) Concentration of urine (C) Transport of urine (D) Storage of urine	(I) Henle's loop (II) Ureter (III) Urinary bladder (IV) Malpighian corpuscle (V) Proximal convoluted tubule

A

A-IV, B-V, C-II, D-III

B

A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

C

A-V, B-IV, C-I, D-II

D

A-V, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Question 105: Palette 105/176

Allen MCQ

Uric acid is formed by :-

A

Phospholipids

B

DNA or RNA

C

Sphingolipids

D

Glycolipids

Question 106: Palette 106/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following factors is responsible for the formation of concentrated urine?

A

Low levels of antidiuretic hormone.

B

Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary interstitium in the kidneys.

C

Secretion of erythropoietin by juxtaglomerular complex.

D

Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration.

Question 107: Palette 107/176

Allen MCQ

Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in :-
(a) Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body
(b) Non-elimination of excess potassium ions
(c) Reduced absorption of calcium ions from gastro-intestinal tract
(d) Reduced RBC production
Which of the following options is the most appropriate?

A

(a) and (b) are correct

B

(b) and (c) are correct

C

(c) and (d) are correct

D

(a) and (d) are correct

Question 108: Palette 108/176

Allen Match the Columns

Match the following parts of a nephron with their function:-Select the correct option from the following
with :

Column-I	Column-II
(A) Descending limb of Henle's loop (B) Proximal convoluted tubule (C) Ascending limb of Henle's loop (D) Distal convoluted tubule	(I) Reabsorption of salts only (II) Reabsorption of water only (III) Conditional reabsorption of sodium ion and water (IV) Reabsorption of ion, water and organic nutrients

A

(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

B

(A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

C

(A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

D

(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)

Question 109: Palette 109/176

Allen Match the Columns

Match the items in Column-I with those in Column-II :- Select the correct option from the following
with :

Column-I	Column-II
(A) Podocytes (B) Protonephridia (C) Nephridia (D) Renal calculi	(I) Crystallised oxalates (II) Annelids (III) Amphioxus (IV) Filtration slits

A

(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

B

(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)

C

(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

D

(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)

Question 110: Palette 110/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following would help in prevention of diuresis ?

A

Decrease in secretion of renin by JG cells

B

More water reabsorption due to under secretion of ADH

C

Reabsorption of Na+ and water from renal tubules due to aldosterone

D

Atrial natriuretic factor causes vasoconstriction

Question 111: Palette 111/176

Allen MCQ

The increase in osmolarity from outer to inner medullary interstitium is maintained due to :-
(i) Close proximity between Henle's loop and vasa recta
(ii) Counter current mechanism
(iii) Selective secretion of HCO3 and hydrogen ions in PCT
(iv) Higher blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

Only (ii)

B

(iii) and (iv)

C

(i), (ii) and (ii)

D

(i) and (ii)

Question 112: Palette 112/176

Allen MCQ

Select the correct statement :-

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor increases the blood pressure.

B

Angiotensin Il is a powerful vasodilator.

C

Counter current pattern of blood flow is not observed in vasa recta.

D

Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate activates JG cells to release renin.

Question 113: Palette 113/176

Allen MCQ

Nitrogenous waste is excreted in the form of pellet or paste by :-

A

Salamandra

B

Hippocampus

C

Pavo

D

Ornithorhynchus

Question 114: Palette 114/176

Allen MCQ

Select the correct statements. (a) Angiotensin II activates the cortex of adrenal gland to release aldosterone. (b) Aldosterone leads to increase in blood pressure. (c) ANF acts as a check on renin-angiotensin mechanism. (d) ADH causes vasodilation. (e) Vasopressin is released from adenohypophysis.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :-

A

(a), (b) and (e) only

B

(c), (d) and (e) only

C

(b), (c) and (d) only

D

(a), (b) and (c) only

Question 115: Palette 115/176

Allen MCQ

Given below are statements : one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A : Nephrons are of two types : Cortical & Juxta medullary, based on their relative position in cortex and medulla. Reason R : Juxta medullary nephrons have short loop of Henle whereas, cortical nephrons have longer loop of Henle. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :-

A

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

B

A is true but R is false.

C

A is false but R is true.

D

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 116: Palette 116/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following statements are correct? A. An excessive loss of body fluid from the body switches off osmoreceptors. B. ADH facilitates water reabsorption to prevent diuresis. C. ANF causes vasodilation. D. ADH causes increase in blood pressure. E. ADH is responsible for decrease in GFR. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A

B, C and D only

B

A, B and E only

C

C, D and E only

D

A and B only

Question 117: Palette 117/176

Allen MCQ

Arrange the events of Renin - Angiotensin mechanism in correct sequence. (A) Activation of JG cells and release of renin. (B) Angiotensin II activates release of aldosterone. (C) Fall in glomerular blood pressure. (D) Reabsorption of Na+ and water from distal convoluted tubule. (E) Angiotensinogen is converted to Angiotensin I and then to Angiotensin II.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :-

A

(C), (A), (E), (B), (D)

B

(A), (D), (E), (C), (B)

C

(A), (D), (C), (B), (E)

D

(B), (A), (E), (D), (C)

Question 118: Palette 118/176

Allen MCQ

Assertion (A) : Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water and allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively. Reason (R) : Dilution of filtrate takes place due to efflux of electrolytes in the medullary fluid. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :-

A

(A) is true but (R) is false

B

(A) is false but (R) is true

C

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

D

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 119: Palette 119/176

Allen MCQ

Statement-I: In the nephron, the descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water and permeable to electrolytes. Statement-II: The proximal convoluted tubule is lined by simple columnar brush border epithelium and increases the surface area for reabsorption. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :-

A

Both Statement-I and Il are correct.

B

Both Statement-I and Il are incorrect.

C

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.

D

Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.

Question 120: Palette 120/176

Allen MCQ

Choose the correct statement given below regarding juxta medullary nephron.

A

Juxta medullary nephrons are located in the coloumns of Bertini.

B

Renal corpuscle of juxta medullary nephron lies in the outer portion of the renal medulla.

C

Loop of Henle of juxta medullary nephron runs deep into medulla.

D

Juxta medullary nephrons outnumber the cortical nephrons.

Question 121: Palette 121/176

Allen MCQ

Statement-I : Concentrated urine is formed due to counter current mechanism in nephron. Statement-II : Counter current mechanism helps to maintain osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitium. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

A

Statement-I is correct but Statement-Il is incorrect.

B

Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.

C

Both Statement-I and Il are correct.

D

Both Statement-I and Il are incorrect.

Question 122: Palette 122/176

Allen MCQ

Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter in to the kidney through :-

A

Pelvis

B

Hilum

C

Convex surface

D

Pyramids

Question 123: Palette 123/176

Allen MCQ

Excretory organ in prawn is

A

Green gland

B

Malpighian tubules

C

Kidney

D

Nephridia

Question 124: Palette 124/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following condition can activate the JG cells to release renin?

A

More Na⁺ in blood plasma

B

More blood volume

C

High glomerular blood pressure

D

Fall in GFR

Question 125: Palette 125/176

Allen Match the Columns

Match the following : Column-I with Column-II:

Column-I	Column-II
(A) PCT (B) DCT (C) Descending (D) Ascending (E) Collecting	(I) Selective secretion of H⁺ and K⁺ ions. (II) 70-80 percent of electrolytes and water reabsorbed (III) Allow passage of limb small amount of urea. (IV) Permeable to water limb (V) Permeable to salts duct

A

A-(I), B-(II), C-(III), D-(IV), E-(V)

B

A-(I), B-(III), C-(IV), D-(II), E-(V)

C

A-(II), B-(I), C-(IV), D-(V), E-(III)

D

A-(II), B-(I), C-(V), D-(IV), E-(III)

Question 126: Palette 126/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following part of Nephron is situated in the cortex of kidney?

A

Malpighian Corpuscles

B

PCT

C

DCT

D

All the above

Question 127: Palette 127/176

Allen MCQ

Kidney stone is formed of: -

A

Cholesterol

B

Calcium oxalate

C

Urea

D

MgPO₄

Question 128: Palette 128/176

Allen MCQ

The Glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through?

A

Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels

B

The Epithelium of Bowman's capsule

C

Basement membrane between these two layers

D

All the above

Question 129: Palette 129/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following substances are absorbed by passive transport?

A

Glucose

B

Amino acids

C

Na⁺

D

Bicarbonate ions

Question 130: Palette 130/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following play a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medulla interstitial fluid?

A

${ \mathsf { N H } } _ { 4 } ^ { + }$

B

DCT

C

PCT

D

NaCl and urea

Question 131: Palette 131/176

Allen MCQ

Maximum reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in which segment of Nephron?

A

PCT

B

Loop of Henle

C

Bowman's capsule

D

DCT

Question 132: Palette 132/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following hormone causes vaso-constriction?

A

ANF

B

Aldosterone

C

ADH

D

ACTH

Question 133: Palette 133/176

Allen MCQ

Excretion of Na⁺ in urine is elevated by: -

A

ANF

B

ADH

C

ACTH

D

Aldosterone

Question 134: Palette 134/176

Allen MCQ

The presence of ketone bodies in urine are indicative of?

A

Diabetes insipidus

B

Diabetes mellitus

C

Starvation

D

Both 2 and 3

Question 135: Palette 135/176

Allen MCQ

Which of nitrogenous waste is eliminated through saliva?

A

Urea

B

Creatinine

C

HCO₃⁻

D

Uric acid

Question 136: Palette 136/176

Allen MCQ

Urine of a human being suffering from diabetes insipidus is:-

A

Tasteless and thick

B

Sweet and thick

C

Tasteless and watery

D

Sweet and watery

Question 137: Palette 137/176

Allen MCQ

In the diagram of excretory system of human beings given below, different parts have been indicated by alphabets choose the answer in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts which they represent :-

A

A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Ureters, D = Urinary bladder, E = Urethra, F = Renal pelvis

B

A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Ureters, F = Renal pelvis

C

A = Kidney, B = Renal pelvis, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Ureters, F = Renal relvis

D

A = Kidney, B = Abdominal aorta, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Renal pelvis, F =Ureters

Question 138: Palette 138/176

Allen MCQ

In human minor calyces number is :-

A

Equal to pyramid number

B

14 to 20

C

Uncountable

D

Depends on major calyx number.

Question 139: Palette 139/176

Allen MCQ

Medial surface of kidney are ________while lateral surface is___

A

convex, concave

B

concave, convex

C

convex, convex

D

concave, concave

Question 140: Palette 140/176

Allen MCQ

How many of the following chordates have flame cells as excretory organ. Planaria, Ascaris, Amphioxus, Tapeworm, Nereis, Scoliodon.

A

One

B

Two

C

Three

D

Four

Question 141: Palette 141/176

Allen MCQ

Read statements A-D :-
(A) When some one drinks lot of water, ADH release is decreased. (B) Exposure to cold temperature suppress ADH release (C) Caffeine in Tea and coffee increase sodium absorption from DCT and collecting ducts (D) ADH also cause vasodilation Which statements are correct

A

A and C

B

A and B

C

C and D

D

B and D

Question 142: Palette 142/176

Allen MCQ

The human kidney :

A

Concentrates the urine by actively transporting water out of the filtrate.

B

Produces more dilute urine when the collecting ducts become less permeable to water.

C

Responds to antidiuretic hormone by increasing urine output.

D

Gets rid of urea from the body by secreting it into the descending arm of the loop of Henle.

Question 143: Palette 143/176

Allen MCQ

Layers between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule through which the filtration takes place are I. endothelium of the glomerular blood vessel. II. middle lamella. III. basement membrane between the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels and epithelium of the Bowman's capsule. IV. epithelium of the Bowman's capsule.

A

I, II and III

B

II, III and IV

C

I, III and IV

D

I, II and IV

Question 144: Palette 144/176

Allen MCQ

Large amount of water is ....A... from collecting duct to produce ...B... urine. This segment allows passage of small amounts of ...C... into interstitium of medulla to keep up the osmolarity. Here, A, B and C refers to

A

A- secreted, B-dilute, C-sugar

B

A- secreted, B-dilute, C-NH₃

C

A- secreted, B-dilute, C-urea

D

A- reabsorbed, B-concentrated, C-urea

Question 145: Palette 145/176

Allen MCQ

Suppose you are developing a new drug, and have found that when it is administered in humans there is a substantial increase in the volume of urine produced. When you administer antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) at the same time, the volume of urine returns to normal. Which hypothesis best fits these observations? The new drug?

A

Blocks the receptors for ADH on the collecting duct of the kidney.

B

Blocks the release of ADH from the pituitary

C

mimcs he acion of ADH

D

Decreases blood pressure

Question 146: Palette 146/176

Allen MCQ

In a comparison of amounts of urea in human urine, the largest amount of urea would be found with a diet very rich in :-

A

Animal fat

B

Simple carbohydrates (sucrose)

C

Complex carbohydrates
(starches)

D

Protein

Question 147: Palette 147/176

Allen Match the Columns

Identify the correct match from the Column-I, Column-II and Column-III:

Column-I	Column-II	Column-III
(A) PCT (B) Inner wall of Bowman's capsule (C) Thin ascending segment of loop of Henle (D) DCT	(I) Podocytes (II) Simple squamous epithelium (III) Cuboidal epithelium with less brush border (IV) Cuboidal epithelium with more brush border	(P) Small amount of urea enter into it (Q) Conditional reabsorption (R) Part of filtration membrane (S) Maximum reabsorption of salt and electrolytes

A

A-III-S; B-I-R; C-II-P; D-IV-Q

B

A-IV-S; B-I-R; C-II-P; D-IV-Q

C

A-IV-S; B-I-R; C-II-P; D-I-Q

D

A-IV-S; B-I-R; C-II-Q; D-III-P

Question 148: Palette 148/176

Allen MCQ

During hemodialysis process :- I. blood drained from a convenient artery and anticoagulant is added (heparin). II. removal of nitrogenous waste from blood. III. blood is passed through a coiled porous cellophane membrane of tube bathing in dialysis fluid.IV. blood is mixed with anti heparin and passed into vein. Arrange the steps :-

A

I → II → III → IV

B

IV → III → II → I

C

I → III → II → IV

D

I → IV → II → III

Question 149: Palette 149/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following statement is/are true? I. Glomerular filtrate is isotonic to plasma. II. When the urine passes into collecting tubule, it becomes hypotonic. III. Filtrate is isotonic in proximal convoluted tubule. IV. Filtrate becomes more and more hypotonic as it passes through descending limb of Henle's loop. Choose the correct option :-

A

I and III

B

I, II and III

C

II and III

D

Only II

Question 150: Palette 150/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following features activates the JG cells? I. Fall in Glomerular blood pressure II. Fall in Glomerular blood flow III. Fall in GFR Choose the correct option (1) I and II

A

I and II

B

II and III

C

I and III

D

I, II and III

Question 151: Palette 151/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following is responsible for excretion of dilute urine ?

A

More secretion of Renin

B

Less secretion of vasopressin

C

More secretion of aldosterone

D

Less secretion of K+ into the filtrate

Question 152: Palette 152/176

Allen MCQ

When a person is suffering from poor renal absorption which one of the following factor will not help in maintenance of blood volume?

A

Decreased glomerular filtration

B

Increased ADH secretion

C

Decreased arterial pressure in kidney

D

Increased arterial pressure in kidney

Question 153: Palette 153/176

Allen MCQ

In response to decrease in blood volume and blood pressure which of the following does not occur?

A

Secretion of Renin

B

Secretion of aldosterone

C

Secretion of vasopressin

D

Secretion of ANF

Question 154: Palette 154/176

Allen MCQ

Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). a. Micturition is carried out by a reflex. b. ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic. c. Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman's capsule. d. Henle's loop plays on important role in concentrating the urine. e. Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

A

a - T, b - F, c - T, d - T, e - T

B

a - T, b - F, c - T, d - F, e - T

C

a - F, b - T, c - F, d - T, e - F

D

a - T, b - F, c - F, d - T, e - T

Question 155: Palette 155/176

Allen MCQ

Read the following points :-
(i) Increases GFR (ii) Increases B.P. (iii) Decreases blood volume (iv) Increases aldosterone secretion (v) Vasoconstrictor (vi) Increases Na⁺ excretion How many points are correct about Angiotensin II?

A

Two

B

Three

C

Four

D

Five

Question 156: Palette 156/176

Allen MCQ

The amount of glucose present in urine of normal man is :-

A

0 mg/ml

B

120 mg/ml

C

40 mg/ml

D

5 mg/ml

Question 157: Palette 157/176

Allen MCQ

You and your study partner want to draw the pathway that controls the reabsorption of sodium ion when blood pressure falls. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events?
(a) Aldosterone is released (b) Kidney tubules reabsorb Na⁺ (c) Renin is released (d) Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) recognizes a drop in blood pressure. (e) Angiotensin II is produced

A

a, c, e, b, d

B

d, b, c, a, e

C

d, c, e, a, b

D

b, d, c, a, e

Question 158: Palette 158/176

Allen MCQ

Ketonuria is :-

A

albumin in urine

B

globulin in urine

C

ketone bodies in urine

D

glucose in urine

Question 159: Palette 159/176

Allen MCQ

Which of the following statements are not incorrect?
(i) Liver, the largest gland in our body secretes cholesterol, degrade steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs
(ii) Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances like urea, sterols and sebum
(iii) Sweat produced by sweat glands is a oily fluid containing NaCl
(iv) In uremic patients urea and glucose can be removed by a process called haemodialysis

A

i, ii, iii

B

i, ii, v

C

i only

D

i, ii, iv

Question 160: Palette 160/176

Allen MCQ

I. ADH II. Renin-angiotensin III. ANF IV. Counter-current mechanism Choose the option containing factors, which regulates the osmoregulation of body fluids

A

I, II and III

B

II, III and IV

C

I, II and IV

D

All of the above

Question 161: Palette 161/176

Allen MCQ

An increase in the body fluid volume can switch off the ...A... and ...B... the ADH release. In this way complete the ..C.... . Choose the correct option for A, B and C.

A

A-osmoreceptors, B-increase, C-feedback

B

A-osmoreceptors, B-suppress, C-feedback

C

A-kidney filtration, B-increase, C-feedback

D

A-kidney filtration, B-suppress, C-feedback

Question 162: Palette 162/176

Allen Match the Columns

Match the Column-I with Column-II:

Column-I	Column-II
(A) Ammonotelism (B) Bowman's capsule (C) Micturition (D) Uricotelism (E) ADH	(I) Birds (II) Water reabsorption (III) Bony fish (IV) Urinary bladder (V) Renal tubule

A

A—III; B—IV; C—V; D—I; E—II

B

A—I; B—V; C—IV; D—III; E—II

C

A—III; B—V; C—IV; D—I; E—II

D

A—II; B—V; C—I; D—IV; E—II

Question 163: Palette 163/176

Allen MCQ

Angiotensinogen is a protein produced and secreted by –

A

Macula densa cells

B

Endothelial cells (cells lining the blood vessels)

C

Liver cells

D

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

Question 164: Palette 164/176

Allen MCQ

A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have :-

A

Less urea in his urine

B

More sodium in his urine

C

Less amino acids in his urine

D

More glucose in his blood

Question 165: Palette 165/176

Allen MCQ

Consider the following four statement (a-d) about certain desert animals such as kangaroo rat :-
(a) They have dark colour and excrete solid urine
(b) They do not drink water, breathe at a slow rate to conserve water and have their body covered with thick hairs
(c) They feed on dry seeds and do not require drinking water
(d) They excrete very concentrated urine and do not use water to regulate body temperature
Which two of the above statements for such animals are true?

A

c and a

B

a and b

C

c and d

D

b and c

Question 166: Palette 166/176

Allen MCQ

Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous component of the excretory products of :-

A

Frog

B

Man

C

Earthworm

D

Cockroach

Question 167: Palette 167/176

Allen MCQ

What will happen if the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are totally removed?

A

There will be no micturition

B

Urine will not collect in the bladder

C

Micturition will continue

D

Urine will continue to collect normally in the bladder

Question 168: Palette 168/176

Allen MCQ

Which one of the following statements in regard to the excretion by the human kidneys is correct?

A

Ascending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes

B

Descending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water

C

Distal convoluted tubule is incapable of reabsorbing ${ \mathsf { H C O } } _ { 3 } { } ^ { - } ;$

D

Nearly 99 per cent of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules

Question 169: Palette 169/176

Allen MCQ

The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesised:-

A

in the liver, but eliminated mostly through kidneys

B

in kidneys but eliminated mostly through liver

C

in kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys

D

in liver and also eliminated by the same through bile

Question 170: Palette 170/176

Allen MCQ

Which one of the following is not a part of a renal pyramid ?

A

Peritubular capillaries

B

Convoluted tubules

C

Collecting ducts

D

Loops of Henle

Question 171: Palette 171/176

Allen MCQ

Which one of the following correctly explains the function of a specific part of a human nephron?

A

Podocytes: Create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule

B

Henle's loop: most reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate

C

Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of K⁺+ ions into the surrounding blood capillaries

D

Afferent arteriole: carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein.

Question 172: Palette 172/176

Allen MCQ

Uricotelic mode of passing out nitrogenous wastes is found in :-

A

Reptiles and Birds

B

Birds and Annelids

C

Amphibians and Reptiles

D

Insects and Amphibians

Question 173: Palette 173/176

Allen MCQ

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to kidney function regulation ?

A

When someone drinks lot of water, ADH release is suppressed.

B

Exposure to cold temperature stimulates ADH release.

C

An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates formation of Angiotensin II.

D

During summer when body loses lot of water by evaporation, the release of ADH is suppressed.

Question 174: Palette 174/176

Allen MCQ

The maximum amount of electrolytes and water (70 –80 percent) from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

B

Descending limb of loop of Henle

C

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

D

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 175: Palette 175/176

Allen MCQ

A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates:

A

adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

B

posterior pituitary to release vasopressin

C

juxta glomerular cells to release renin

D

adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Question 176: Palette 176/176

Allen MCQ

Figure shows human urinary system with structures labelled A to D. Select option which correctly identifies them and gives their characteristics and/or functions :-

A

D-Cortex - outer part of kidney and do not contain any part of nephrons

B

A-Adrenal gland - located at the anterior part of kidney. Secrete Catecholamines which stimulate glycogen breakdown

C

B-Pelvis - broad funnel shaped spaceinner to hilum, directly connected to loops of Henle

D

C-Medulla-inner zone of kidney andcontains complete nephrons