Question 2

   Question: Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of inbreeding?

   Options: 

    A. It exposes harmful recessive genes but are eliminated by selection.

    B. Elimination of less desirable genes and accumulation of superior genes takes place due to it.

    C. It decreases the productivity of inbred population, after continuous inbreeding.

    D. It decreases homozygosity.

   Correct Answer: C

   Year: [NEET 2023]

   Solution: Option (3) is the correct answer because decreasing the productivity of inbred population is not an advantage of inbreeding. Options (1) and (2) are advantages, while option (4) is an incorrect statement.,

   Step Solution: 

    1. Identify the definition of inbreeding (mating related individuals).

    2. List advantages: exposure of harmful recessive genes for elimination and accumulation of superior genes.

    3. Identify disadvantages: continuous inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression (reduced fertility/productivity).

    4. Conclude that reduced productivity (Option C) is a disadvantage, not an advantage.,

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Inbreeding Depression

   Short cut solution: Inbreeding = "Homozygosity" (Advantage/Trait) and "Depression" (Disadvantage).

Question 4

   Question: Select the incorrect statement with respect to inbreeding of animals.

   Options: 

    A. It exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.

    B. It is used for evolving pure lines in cattle.

    C. It helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes.

    D. It decreases homozygosity.

   Correct Answer: D

   Year: [NEET Re-2022]

   Solution: Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. Hence, Inbreeding increases Homozygosity.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Define inbreeding: mating of closely related individuals within the same breed.

    2. Identify the genetic outcome: it increases the proportion of identical alleles.

    3. Link this outcome to the term "homozygosity."

    4. Evaluate Option D: it claims inbreeding "decreases" homozygosity, which is the opposite of the actual effect.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Inbreeding / Homozygosity

   Short cut solution: Inbreeding = Increase in Homozygosity.

Question 9

   Question: Which of the following is not a step in Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)?

   Options: 

    A. Cow is administered hormone having LH like activity for super ovulation

    B. Cow yields about 6-8 eggs at a time

    C. Cow is fertilized by artificial insemination

    D. Fertilized eggs are transferred to surrogate mothers at 8-32 cell stage

   Correct Answer: A

   Year: [NEET 2021]

   Solution: Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology is used for herd improvement in short time. Cows are administered hormones, with FSH-like activity for superovulation. 8-32 celled embryos are transferred to surrogate mothers. 6-8 eggs are produced per cycle. Cows can be fertilised by artificial insemination.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Recall MOET hormonal protocol: use of FSH-like hormones to induce follicular maturation.

    2. Note the result: superovulation (6-8 eggs instead of one).

    3. Review the fertilization and transfer steps: Artificial Insemination (AI) and transfer at 8-32 cell stage.

    4. Compare with Option A: Option A suggests "LH like activity," which is incorrect as FSH is used for ovulation induction.

   Difficulty Level: Medium

   Concept Name: Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET)

   Short cut solution: MOET = FSH (not LH) for more eggs.

Question 10

   Question: By which method was a new breed ‘Hisardale’ of sheep formed by using Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams?

   Options: 

    A. Mutational breeding

    B. Cross breeding

    C. Inbreeding

    D. Out crossing

   Correct Answer: B

   Year: [NEET-2020]

   Solution: Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri-ewe and Marino rams. In cross-breeding, superior male of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Identify the parents: Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.

    2. Note their classification: they are two different breeds of the same species.

    3. Define cross-breeding: mating superior individuals of different breeds.

    4. Match the Hisardale development process to the definition of cross-breeding.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Cross-breeding

   Short cut solution: Different Breeds + Same Species = Cross-breeding.

Question 11

   Question: Select the incorrect statement regarding inbreeding

   Options: 

    A. Inbreeding helps in elimination of deleterious alleles from the population

    B. Inbreeding is necessary to evolve a pureline in any animal

    C. Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and leads to inbreeding depression

    D. Inbreeding depression can not be overcome by out-crossing

   Correct Answer: D

   Year: [NEET OD 2019]

   Solution: (Source provides answer only). Note: Outbreeding/out-crossing is the strategy used to overcome inbreeding depression.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Review the effects of inbreeding: exposes recessive alleles, creates purelines, and causes inbreeding depression.

    2. Recall the solution for inbreeding depression: mating with unrelated superior animals (out-crossing).

    3. Evaluate Option D: it claims out-crossing cannot overcome the depression.

    4. Conclude D is the incorrect statement.,

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Inbreeding Depression / Out-crossing

   Short cut solution: Out-crossing cures inbreeding depression.

Question 12

   Question: Select the incorrect statement.

   Options: 

    A. Inbreeding is essential to evolve purelines in any animal.

    B. Inbreeding selects harmful recessive genes that reduce fertility and productivity

    C. Inbreeding helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of undesirable genes

    D. Inbreeding increases homozygosity

   Correct Answer: B

   Year: [NEET 2019]

   Solution: Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore this is selection at each step, increase the productivity of inbred population. Close and continued inbreeding usually reduces fertility and even productivity.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Analyze the genetic role of inbreeding: it exposes recessive genes.

    2. Understand the subsequent step: selection eliminates these exposed harmful genes.

    3. Review Option B: it suggests inbreeding "selects" (keeps) these harmful genes to reduce productivity.

    4. Identify Option B as incorrect because selection acts to remove those genes, not keep them.

   Difficulty Level: Medium

   Concept Name: Inbreeding and Selection

   Short cut solution: Inbreeding exposes; Selection eliminates.

Question 14

   Question: Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher milk output represents :

   Options: 

    A. Directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one direction

    B. Disruptive as it splits the population into two, one yielding higher output and the other lower output

    C. Stabilizing followed by disruptive as it stabilizes the population to produce higher yielding cows

    D. Stabilizing selection as it stabilizes this character in the population

   Correct Answer: A

   Year: [NEET 2017]

   Solution: (Source provides answer only).

   Step Solution: 

    1. Define directional selection: selection that favors one extreme phenotype over others.

    2. Identify the goal of the breeder: increasing milk yield (shifting the population toward higher production).

    3. Observe the shift: the "mean" of the population moves toward the higher extreme.

    4. Match this observation with Option A.

   Difficulty Level: Medium

   Concept Name: Directional Selection

   Short cut solution: Pushing a trait to one extreme = Directional.

Question 15

   Question: Homozygous pure lines in cattle can be obtained by:

   Options: 

    A. mating of unrelated individuals of same breed

    B. mating of individuals of different breed

    C. mating of individuals of different species

    D. mating of related individuals of same breed

   Correct Answer: D

   Year: [NEET 2017]

   Solution: (Source provides answer only).

   Step Solution: 

    1. Define "pure lines": groups of organisms that are homozygous for certain traits.

    2. Recall the breeding method that increases homozygosity: inbreeding.

    3. Recall the definition of inbreeding: mating of closely related individuals within the same breed.

    4. Select Option D as it matches the definition of inbreeding.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Inbreeding

   Short cut solution: Pure lines = Inbreeding = Related + Same Breed.

Question 17

   Question: Interespecific hybridization in the mating of

   Options: 

    A. more closely related individuals within same breed for 4-6 generations

    B. animals within same breed without having common ancestors

    C. two different related species

    D. superior males and females of different breeds

   Correct Answer: C

   Year: [NEET 2016 P2]

   Solution: (Source provides answer only).

   Step Solution: 

    1. Break down the term "interspecific": "inter" (between) + "specific" (species).

    2. Look for the option involving two different species.

    3. Identify Option C: "two different related species."

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Interspecific Hybridization

   Short cut solution: Inter-specific = Between Species.

Question 21

   Question: Outbreeding is an important strategy of animal husbandry because it :

   Options: 

    A. helps in accumulation of superior genes

    B.  is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression.

    C. is useful in producing purelines of animals.

    D. exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.,

   Correct Answer: B

   Year: [NEET 2015]

   Solution: Outbreeding is the breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed (but having no common ancestors), or between different breeds (cross breeding) or different species (inter specific hybridisation). Outbreeding helps to overcome inbreeding depression.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Review the definition of outbreeding: mating of unrelated animals (out-crossing, cross-breeding, or interspecific hybridization).

    2. Review the definition of out-crossing: mating within the same breed but with no common ancestors.

    3. Evaluate Option B: it incorrectly labels "out-crossing" (same breed, no common ancestors) as "interspecific hybridization."

    4. Conclude B is incorrect.

   Difficulty Level: Medium

   Concept Name: Outbreeding / Out-crossing

   Short cut solution: Interspecific is between species; Out-crossing is same breed/no common ancestors.

Question 42

   Question: Compared to a bull a bullock is docile because of

   Options: 

    A. higher levels of cortisone

    B. lower levels of blood testosterone

    C. lower levels of adrenaline/noradrenaline in its blood

    D. higher levels of thyroxine.

   Correct Answer: B

   Year: (2007)

   Solution: (b) : A bullock is a castrated bull. Bulls have castrated to make them more meek and docile. Castration... results in sterility, decreased sexual desire...

   Step Solution: 

    1. Define bullock: a male bovine that has undergone castration.

    2. Identify the biological effect of castration: removal/destruction of testicles.

    3. Recall the primary hormone produced by testicles: testosterone.

    4. Relate testosterone to behavior: lower testosterone reduces aggression/sexual desire, making the animal docile.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Animal Castration

   Short cut solution: Castration = No testes = No testosterone = Docile.

Question 43

   Question: In cloning of cattle a fertilized egg is taken out of the mother's womb and

   Options: 

    A. in the eight cell stage, cells are separated and cultured until small embryos are formed which are implanted into the womb of other cows

    B. in the eight cell stage the individual cells are separated under electrical field for further development in culture media

    C. from this upto eight identical twins can be produced

    D. the egg is divided into 4 pairs of cells which are implanted into the womb of other cows.

   Correct Answer: A

   Year: (2007)

   Solution: (Source discusses Dolly the sheep nuclear transfer, but Option A describes embryo splitting).

   Step Solution: 

    1. Identify the technique: embryo cloning/splitting.

    2. Identify the target stage: 8-cell stage (where cells are still totipotent).

    3. Describe the process: separate the 8 cells; culture them into individual embryos.

    4. Identify the final step: implant these clones into surrogate mothers.,

   Difficulty Level: Medium

   Concept Name: Embryo Splitting (Animal Cloning)

   Short cut solution: 8-cell stage -> separate -> new embryos -> surrogates.

Question 44

   Question: Which one of the following is a viral disease of poultry?

   Options: 

    A. Coryza

    B. New castle disease

    C. Pasteurellosis

    D. Salmonellosis

   Correct Answer: B

   Year: (2007)

   Solution: (b) : New castle disease is a highly contagious zoonoic bird disease... The causal agent, New castle disease virus (NDV), is a negative-sense single stranded RNA virus.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Identify the causal agent for each disease.

    2. Recognize that Coryza, Pasteurellosis, and Salmonellosis are generally bacterial.

    3. Recall Newcastle disease (also known as Ranikhet).

    4. Confirm it is caused by an RNA virus.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Poultry Diseases

   Short cut solution: Newcastle (Ranikhet) = Viral.

Question 53

   Question: The world's highly prized wool yielding 'Pashmina' breed is

   Options: 

    A. goat

    B. sheep

    C. goat-sheep cross

    D. Kashmir sheep - Afghan sheep cross

   Correct Answer: A

   Year: (2005)

   Solution: (a) : Pashmina refers to a type of cashmere wool... This wool comes from a special breed of goat indigenous to high altitudes of the Himalayan mountains.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Identify the product: Pashmina wool (cashmere).

    2. Locate the source animal: Himalayan mountain goat (Capra hircus).

    3. Note the harvesting process: the goat sheds its winter coat in spring.

    4. Select Option A.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Animal Husbandry / Wool Sources

   Short cut solution: Pashmina = Goat.

Question 73

   Question: High milk yielding varieties of cows are obtained by

   Options: 

    A. use of surrogate mothers

    B. superovulation

    C. artificial insemination

    D. all of these.

   Correct Answer: D

   Year: (1997)

   Solution: (d) : High milk yielding varieties of cows are obtained by use of surrogate mothers, super ovulation, artificial insemination.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Evaluate how to increase cattle quality/quantity.

    2. Recognize superovulation (more eggs) and AI (superior semen) as ways to improve genetics.

    3. Recognize surrogate mothers as a way to produce more calves from one superior cow simultaneously.

    4. Conclude that all these technologies (components of MOET) are used.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Cattle Improvement Technologies

   Short cut solution: MOET = AI + Superovulation + Surrogates.

Question 78

   Question: When scientists make an animal superior by view of genotype, introducing some foreign genes in it, is called

   Options: 

    A. immunization

    B. genetic engineering

    C. tissue culture

    D. biotechnology

   Correct Answer: B

   Year: (1996)

   Solution: (b) : Genetic engineering is experimental manipulation of genetic material... introduction of novel genes into cells and organisms.

   Step Solution: 

    1. Identify the action described: "introducing some foreign genes."

    2. Define Genetic Engineering: manipulation of genetic material including introduction of novel genes.

    3. Differentiate from Biotechnology: Biotechnology is a broader field, while genetic engineering is the specific technique for gene introduction.

    4. Select B.

   Difficulty Level: Easy

   Concept Name: Genetic Engineering

   Short cut solution: Foreign genes = Genetic Engineering.